@article {cvencek_early_2020,
	title = {Early implicit{\textendash}explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},
	volume = {200},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104962},
	abstract = {This longitudinal study examined early social{\textendash}cognitive markers that might be associated with the emergence of childhood depression and anxiety. At 5\&nbsp;years of age, 137 children completed an implicit self-esteem measure. At 9\&nbsp;years of age, the same children completed measures of implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Two novel findings emerged. First, higher implicit self-esteem at age 5 than explicit self-esteem at age 9 (implicit\&nbsp;\textgreater\&nbsp;explicit discrepancy) was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9, but not with symptoms of anxiety. Second, this cross-age implicit\&nbsp;\textgreater\&nbsp;explicit discrepancy was associated with depressive symptoms more strongly than was the same implicit\&nbsp;\textgreater\&nbsp;explicit discrepancy measured concurrently at age 9. The overall pattern suggests that the appearance of depressive symptoms in children is associated with discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem and not just lower levels of implicit self-esteem or lower levels of explicit self-esteem taken alone. It is the direction and discrepancy across time that is particularly informative, such that discrepancies between early implicit representations and later explicit reports of self-worth reflect a developmental pathway associated with elevated risk for depressive symptoms. Taken altogether, this study illustrates the benefits of combining work in developmental, child-clinical, and social psychology to provide a more complete view of the developing child. We believe that combining implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem across developmental time points can be used to examine early markers of depression in children at younger ages than typically possible with explicit measures alone.},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Implicit and explicit self-esteem, Internalizing problems, Longitudinal design, Preschool children},
	issn = {0022-0965},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104962},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096520304161},
	author = {Cvencek, Dario and Greenwald, Anthony G. and McLaughlin, Katie A. and Andrew N. Meltzoff}
}
