@article {1634022,
	title = {Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience},
	journal = {Development and Psychopathology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {2},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {447 - 471},
	abstract = {
	Two extant frameworks\&nbsp;{\textendash}\&nbsp;the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation model\&nbsp;{\textendash}\&nbsp;attempt to explain\&nbsp;which\&nbsp;dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively,\&nbsp;why,\&nbsp;based on a history of natural selection, develop- ment operates the way it does across a range of environmental contexts, and\&nbsp;how\&nbsp;the neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity and learning in response to environmental experiences influence brain development. Building on these frameworks, we advance an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience, focusing on threat-based forms of harshness, deprivation-based forms of harshness, and environ- mental unpredictability. This integrated model makes clear that the\&nbsp;why\&nbsp;and the\&nbsp;how\&nbsp;of development are inextricable and, together, essential to understanding\&nbsp;which\&nbsp;dimensions of the environment matter. Core integrative concepts include the directedness of learning, multiple levels of developmental adaptation to the environment, and tradeoffs between adaptive and maladaptive developmental responses to adversity. The integrated model proposes that proximal and distal cues to threat-based and deprivation-based forms of harshness, as well as unpredictability in those cues, calibrate development to both immediate rearing environments and broader ecological contexts, current and future. We high- light actionable directions for research needed to investigate the integrated model and advance understanding of dimensions of environmental experience.

},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/why-and-how-does-early-adversity-influence-development-toward-an-integrated-model-of-dimensions-of-environmental-experience/A1771EA6FDF68FB59F88D4770ECC431B},
	author = {Ellis, Bruce J. and Sheridan, Margaret A. and Belsky, Jay and McLaughlin, Katie A.}
}
