%0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D In Press %T The impact of emotion regulation on the relationship between momentary negative affect and end-of-day worry and rumination %A Clayton, M. %A Renna, M.E. %A Klemanski, D.H. %A Kerns, C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Mennin, D.S. %X

Background: Negative self-referential processing (NSRP), including worry and rumination, is a hallmark feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Negative afect relates to NSRP, and emotion regulation skills (e.g., reappraisal and acceptance) may attenuate this relationship. This ecological momentary assessment study explored whether increased emotion regulation skills use would alter associations between daily fuctuations of negative afect and end-of-day NSRP.

Methods: Participants were 99 young adults (Mage=19.94; SD=1.81), diagnosed with GAD (n=48) and healthy controls (n=51). They provided twice daily ratings of negative afect, reappraisal, and acceptance over 14 days, and end-of-day ratings of NSRP. Mixed linear models adjusted for covariates, including state-level worry and rumination.

Results: Individuals with GAD reported higher levels of negative than controls, and high negative afect corresponded to greater end-of-day NSRP across all participants. Increased emotion regulation skills altered the relationship between increased negative afect and higher NSRP, though this did not difer by group. Acceptance and reappraisal diferentially afected associations between negative afect and NSRP.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that emotion regulation skills moderate the relationship between negative afect and end-of-day NSRP, highlighting the utility of using reappraisal and acceptance in daily life. This could eventually lead to improvements in treating GAD.

%B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 47 %P 94-108 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4 %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %D In Press %T What is not measured cannot be counted: sample characteristics reported in studies of hippocampal volume and depression in neuroimaging studies %A Keyes, K.M. %A Kreski, N.T. %A Joseph, V.A. %A Hamilton, A.D. %A Hatzenbuehler, M. L. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A D.G. Weissman %X The field of population neuroscience is expanding, with increasingly large samples, geographic and demographic diversity of participants, and longitudinal studies accelerating the progress of the field. As progress accelerates, there is an increasing ability to consider how social context and structural factors, as well as sampling methods and sample composition, modify associations from neuroimaging studies and influence the magnitude of observed effect sizes across studies. %B Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %V 8 %P 492-494 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.01.007 %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health %D In Press %T Resilient phenotypes among bereaved youth: a comparison of trajectory, relative, and cross-domain approaches %A Espinosa Dice, A.L. %A Ye, X. %A Kim, S.G. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Amstadter, A.B %A Tiemeier, H. %A Denckla, C. A. %X

Background

Bereavement is a common traumatic event associated with adverse health outcomes across the life course. Despite these risks, not all bereaved individuals experience these negative effects. Limited scientific consensus exists on how to define resilience in individuals who have experienced the death of a loved one.

Methods

Using a sample of N = 3766 youth from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort, we identified bereavement of a family member between ages 7 and 8.5. We derived and compared three different approaches to assess resilience among bereaved youth. Trajectory-based psychological resilience identified sub-groups with similar psychological symptom profiles between ages 6 and 16 using latent growth mixture models. Relative psychological resilience at age 16 leveraged standardized residuals from a model regressing psychological symptoms on bereavement to determine better-than-expected psychological functioning relative to bereavement status. Relative cross-domain resilience around age 16 was a sum score of the residuals approach applied to eight unique domains of health. Predictive validity of each approach was assessed using depressive symptoms at age 17.5

Results

Overall, N = 877 (23%) youth were bereaved of a family member between ages 7 and 8.5. Using latent growth mixture models, a three-class solution described 84% of bereaved youth with low and stable psychological symptoms over time, 8% with worsening symptoms, and 8% with improving yet elevated symptoms. Each relative resilience score was largely concordant with the trajectory-based approach in identifying individuals as resilient or not, though relative psychological resilience demonstrated a stronger degree of concordance than the cross-domain score. Relative psychological and cross-domain resilience exhibited moderate to low correlation, depending on the domains included (r = 0.14–0.43). For each approach, resilience significantly predicted lower depressive symptoms at age 17.5, highlighting predictive validity of these measures.

Conclusions

Psychological symptom trajectories among bereaved youth aligned with those previously identified among bereaved adults. The residual-based approach to defining resilience exhibited limited utility in the context of bereavement. When identifying risk and resilience after bereavement, researchers and clinicians must address the interplay across psychosocial and physical health domains, as bereaved youth considered resilient from a mental health perspective may benefit from intervention in other domains.

%B Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health %V 17 %P 1-15 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00568-0 %N 23 %0 Journal Article %J Current Opinion in Psychology %D In Press %T Pre-pandemic brain structure and function and adolescent psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic %A Machlin, L %A McLaughlin, K %X The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges for youths and families, dramatically increasing exposure to stressors and stress-related psychopathology. Increasing work has leveraged pre-pandemic neuroimaging data to predict adolescent psychopathology and stress responses during the pandemic, with a particular focus on internalizing symptoms. We review this recent literature on pre-pandemic brain structure and function and adolescent internalizing psychopathology during the pandemic. At present, existing studies have not consistently identified specific alterations in brain structure and function that predict anxiety or depressive symptoms during the pandemic. In contrast, exposure to stress and adversity before and during the pandemic as well as access to peer and family support have emerged as consistent and reliable predictors of youth mental health during the pandemic. %B Current Opinion in Psychology %V 52 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101647 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D In Press %T Conversation disruptions in early childhood predict executive functioning development: A longitudinal study %A Carolus, A. E. %A McLaughlin, K %A L Lengua %A M Sheridan %A Romeo, R %X Conversational turn-taking is a complex communicative skill that requires both linguistic and executive functioning (EF) skills, including processing input while simultaneously forming and inhibiting responses until one's turn. Adult-child turn-taking predicts children's linguistic, cognitive, and socioemotional development. However, little is understood about how disruptions to temporal contingency in turn-taking, such as interruptions and overlapping speech, relate to cognitive outcomes, and how these relationships may vary across developmental contexts. In a longitudinal sample of 275 socioeconomically diverse mother-child dyads (children 50% male, 65% White), we conducted pre-registered examinations of whether the frequency of dyads’ conversational disruption during free play when children were 3 years old related to children's executive functioning (EF; 9 months later), self-regulation skills (18 months later), and externalizing psychopathology in early adolescence (age 10–12 years). Contrary to hypotheses, more conversational disruptions significantly predicted higher inhibition skills, controlling for sex, age, income-to-needs (ITN), and language ability. Results were driven by maternal disruptions of the child's speech, and could not be explained by measures of overall talkativeness or interactiveness. Exploratory analyses revealed that ITN moderated these relationships, such that the positive effect of disruptions on inhibition was strongest for children from lower ITN backgrounds. We discuss how adult-driven “cooperative overlap” may serve as a form of engaged participation that supports cognition and behavior in certain cultural contexts. %B Developmental Science %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13414 %0 Journal Article %J Social Neuroscience %D In Press %T Community-level explicit racial prejudice potentiates whites’ neural responses to black faces: A spatial meta-analysis %A Hatzenbuehler, M %A McLaughlin, K %A Weissman, D %A Cikara, M %X We evaluated the hypothesis that neural responses to racial out-group members vary systematically based on the level of racial prejudice in the surrounding community. To do so, we conducted a spatial meta-analysis, which included a comprehensive set of studies (k = 22; N = 481). Specifically, we tested whether community-level racial prejudice moderated neural activation to Black (vs. White) faces in primarily White participants. Racial attitudes, obtained from Project Implicit, were aggregated to the county (k = 17; N = 10,743) in which each study was conducted. Multi-level kernel density analysis demonstrated that significant differences in neural activation to Black (vs. White) faces in right amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were detected more often in communities with higher (vs. lower) levels of explicit (but not implicit) racial prejudice. These findings advance social-cognitive neuroscience by identifying aspects of macro-social contexts that may alter neural responses to out-group members. %B Social Neuroscience %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2022.2153915 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse & Neglect %D In Press %T Reduced growth mindset as a mechanism linking childhood trauma with academic performance and internalizing psychopathology. %A Lurie, L.A. %A Hangem, E.J. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Crosnoe, R. %A McLaughlin, K %X

Background

Despite the high prevalence of childhood adversity and well-documented associations with poor academic achievement and psychopathology, effective, scalable interventions remain largely unavailable. Existing interventions targeting growth mindset—the belief that personal characteristics are malleable—have been shown to improve academic achievement and symptoms of psychopathology in youth.

Objective

The present study examines growth mindset as a potential modifiable mechanism underlying the associations of two dimensions of childhood adversity—threat and deprivation—with academic achievement and internalizing psychopathology.

Participants and setting

Participants were 408 youth aged 10–18 years drawn from one timepoint of two longitudinal studies of community-based samples recruited to have diverse experiences of childhood adversity.

Method

Experiences of threat and deprivation were assessed using a multi-informant, multi-method approach. Youth reported on growth mindset of intelligence and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents provided information about youths' academic performance.

Results

Both threat and deprivation were independently associated with lower growth mindset, but when accounting for co-occurring adversities, only the association between threat and lower growth mindset remained significant. Lower growth mindset was associated with worse academic performance and greater symptoms of both anxiety and depression. Finally, there was a significant indirect effect of experiences of threat on both lower academic performance and greater symptoms of anxiety through lower growth mindset.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that growth mindset could be a promising target for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of childhood adversity on academic achievement and psychopathology given the efficacy of existing brief, scalable growth mindset interventions.

%B Child Abuse & Neglect %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105672 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D In Press %T Social behavior and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19pandemic: A longitudinal study %A Rodman, A.M. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Kasperek, S %A M Mayes %A Lengua, L. %A Meltzoff, A. N. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home orders resulted in a stark reduction in daily social interactions for children and adolescents. Given that peer relationships are especially important during this developmental stage, it is crucial to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social behavior and risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents. In a longitudinal sample (N=224) of children (7-10y) and adolescents (13-15y) assessed at three strategic time points (before the pandemic, during the initial stay-at-home order period, and six months later after the initial stay-at-home order period was lifted), we examine whether certain social factors protect against increases in stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, controlling for pre-pandemic symptoms. Youth who reported less in-person and digital socialization, greater social isolation, and less social support had worsened psychopathology during the pandemic. Greater social isolation and decreased digital socialization during the pandemic were associated with greater risk for psychopathology after experiencing pandemic-related stressors. In addition, children, but not adolescents, who maintained some in-person socialization were less likely to develop internalizing symptoms following exposure to pandemic-related stressors. We identify social factors that promote well-being and resilience in youth during this societal event. %B Development and Psychopathology %G eng %U 10.31234/osf.io/y8zvg %0 Journal Article %J Trends in Cognitive Sciences %D In Press %T Childhood socioeconomic status and the pace of brain development: Accelerated, delayed, or simply different? %A Rakesh, D. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A Whittle, S. %A McLaughlin, K %X

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with children’s brain and behavioral development. Several theories propose that early experiences of adversity or low SES can alter the pace of neurodevelopment during childhood and adolescence. These theories make contrasting predictions about whether adverse experiences and low SES are associated with accelerated or delayed neurodevelopment. We contextualize these predictions within the context of normative development of cortical and subcortical structure and review existing evidence on SES and structural brain development to adjudicate between competing hypotheses. Although none of these theories are fully consistent with observed SES-related differences in brain development, existing evidence suggests that low SES is associated with brain structure trajectories more consistent with a delayed or simply different developmental pattern than an acceleration in neurodevelopment.

%B Trends in Cognitive Sciences %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.011 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse and Neglect %D 2023 %T Reduced growth mindset as a mechanism linking childhood trauma with academic performance and internalizing psychopathology. %A Lurie, L.A. %A Hangen, E.J. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Crosnoe, R. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Background

Despite the high prevalence of childhood adversity and well-documented associations with poor academic achievement and psychopathology, effective, scalable interventions remain largely unavailable. Existing interventions targeting growth mindset—the belief that personal characteristics are malleable—have been shown to improve academic achievement and symptoms of psychopathology in youth.

Objective

The present study examines growth mindset as a potential modifiable mechanism underlying the associations of two dimensions of childhood adversity—threat and deprivation—with academic achievement and internalizing psychopathology.

Participants and setting

Participants were 408 youth aged 10–18 years drawn from one timepoint of two longitudinal studies of community-based samples recruited to have diverse experiences of childhood adversity.

Method

Experiences of threat and deprivation were assessed using a multi-informant, multi-method approach. Youth reported on growth mindset of intelligence and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents provided information about youths' academic performance.

Results

Both threat and deprivation were independently associated with lower growth mindset, but when accounting for co-occurring adversities, only the association between threat and lower growth mindset remained significant. Lower growth mindset was associated with worse academic performance and greater symptoms of both anxiety and depression. Finally, there was a significant indirect effect of experiences of threat on both lower academic performance and greater symptoms of anxiety through lower growth mindset.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that growth mindset could be a promising target for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of childhood adversity on academic achievement and psychopathology given the efficacy of existing brief, scalable growth mindset interventions.

%B Child Abuse and Neglect %V 142 %P 105672-105684 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105672 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %D 2023 %T Differentiating between us & them: Reduced in-group bias as a novel mechanism linking childhood violence exposure with internalizing psychopathology %A Kasparek, S.W. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Lurie, L.A. %A Cikara, M. %A Sambrook, K. %A Cvencek, D. %A Meltzoff, A. N. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Strong in-group bonds, facilitated by implicit favoritism for in-group members (i.e., in-group bias), promote mental health across development. Yet, we know little about how the development of in-group bias is shaped by early-life experiences. Childhood violence exposure is known to alter social information processing biases. Violence exposure may also influence social categorization processes, including in-group biases, in ways that influence risk for psychopathology. We examined associations of childhood violence exposure with psychopathology and behavioral and neural indices of implicit and explicit bias for novel groups in children followed longitudinally across three time points from age 5 to 10 years old (n=101 at baseline; n=58 at wave 3). To instantiate in-group and out-group affiliations, youths underwent a minimal group assignment induction procedure, in which they were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Youth were told that members of their assigned group shared common interests (in-group) and members of the other group did not (out-group). In pre-registered analyses, violence exposure was associated with lower implicit in-group bias, which in turn was associated prospectively with higher internalizing symptoms and mediated the longitudinal association between violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. During an fMRI task examining neural responses while classifying in-group and out-group members, violenceexposed children did not exhibit the negative functional coupling between vmPFC and amygdala to in-group vs. out-group members that was observed in children without violence exposure. Reduced implicit in-group bias may represent a novel mechanism linking violence exposure with the development of internalizing symptoms. %B Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %V 51 %P 961-975 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01035-2 %N 7 %0 Journal Article %J Nature Communications %D 2023 %T State-level macro-economic factors moderate the association of low income with brain structure and mental health in U.S. children. %A Weissman, D. %A Hatzenbuehler, M. L. %A Cikara, M. %A Barch, D.M. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Macrostructural characteristics, such as cost of living and state-level anti-poverty programs relate to the magnitude of socioeconomic disparities in brain development and mental health. In this study we leveraged data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study from 10,633 9-11 year old youth (5115 female) across 17 states. Lower income was associated with smaller hippocampal volume and higher internalizing psychopathology. These associations were stronger in states with higher cost of living. However, in high cost of living states that provide more generous cash benefits for low-income families, socioeconomic disparities in hippocampal volume were reduced by 34%, such that the association of family income with hippocampal volume resembled that in the lowest cost of living states. We observed similar patterns for internalizing psychopathology. State-level anti-poverty programs and cost of living may be confounded with other factors related to neurodevelopment and mental health. However, the patterns were robust to controls for numerous state-level social, economic, and political characteristics. These findings suggest that state-level macrostructural characteristics, including the generosity of anti-poverty policies, are potentially relevant for addressing the relationship of low income with brain development and mental health. %B Nature Communications %V 14 %P 1-13 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37778-1 %N 2085 %0 Journal Article %J Psychoneuroendocrinology %D 2023 %T Stressful life events and accelerated biological aging over time in youths %A Sumner, J %A Gao, X %A Gambazza, S %A Dye, C %A Colich, N %A Baccarelli, A %A Uddin, M. %A McLaughin, K %X Experiencing adversity in childhood and adolescence, including stressful life events (SLEs), may accelerate the pace of development, leading to adverse mental and physical health. However, most research on adverse early experiences and biological aging (BA) in youths relies on cross-sectional designs. In 171 youths followed for approximately 2 years, we examined if SLEs over follow-up predicted rate of change in two BA metrics: epigenetic age and Tanner stage. We also investigated if rate of change in BA was associated with changes in depressive symptoms over time. Youths aged 8–16 years at baseline self-reported Tanner stage and depressive symptoms at baseline and follow-up and provided saliva samples for DNA at both assessments. Horvath epigenetic age estimates were derived from DNA methylation data measured with the Illumina EPIC array. At follow-up, contextual threat interviews were administered to youths and caregivers to assess youths’ experiences of past-year SLEs. Interviews were objectively coded by an independent rating team to generate a SLE impact score, reflecting the severity of all SLEs occurring over the prior year. Rate of change in BA metrics was operationalized as change in epigenetic age or Tanner stage as a function of time between assessments. Higher objective SLE impact scores over follow-up were related to a greater rate of change in epigenetic age (β = 0.21, p = .043). Additionally, among youths with lower—but not higher—Tanner stage at baseline, there was a positive association of SLE impact scores with rate of change in Tanner stage (Baseline Tanner Stage × SLE Impact Score interaction: β = − 0.21, p = .011). A greater rate of change in epigenetic age was also associated with higher depressive symptom levels at follow-up, adjusting for baseline symptoms (β = 0.15, p = .043). Associations with epigenetic age were similar, although slightly attenuated, when adjusting for epithelial (buccal) cell proportions. Whereas much research in youths has focused on severe experiences of early adversity, we demonstrate that more commonly experienced SLEs during adolescence may also contribute to accelerated BA. Further research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of changes in BA metrics for health. %B Psychoneuroendocrinology %V 151 %P 106058-106067 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106058 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2023 %T Childhood trauma, earlier pubertal timing, and psychopathology in adolescence: The role of corticolimbic development %A Colich, N %A Hanford, L %A Weissman, D %A Allen, N. %A Shirtcliff, E %A L Lengua %A M Sheridan %A McLaughlin, K %X Earlier pubertal development appears to be one pathway through which childhood trauma contributes to psychopathology in adolescence. Puberty-related changes in neural networks involved in emotion processing, namely the amygdala-medial prefrontal (mPFC) circuit, may be a potential mechanism linking trauma and adolescent psychopathology. Our participants were 227 youth between 10 and 13 years of age who completed assessments of threat and deprivation-related experiences of adversity, pubertal stage, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. A subset (n = 149) also underwent a functional MRI scan while passively viewing fearful and calm faces. Potential mechanisms linking childhood trauma with psychopathology, encompassing earlier pubertal timing and neural response to aversive stimuli were explored. Earlier pubertal development was associated with childhood trauma as well as increased externalizing symptoms in boys only. Earlier pubertal timing in males and females was negatively associated with activation in bilateral amygdala, hippocampal, and fusiform regions when comparing fearful and calm faces. However, amygdala-mPFC connectivity showed no association with pubertal timing or psychopathology symptoms. These findings do not support accelerated amygdala-mPFC development as a mechanism linking childhood trauma and psychopathology, but instead provide support for the role of pubertal development in normative decreases in limbic activation across development. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 59 %P 1-9 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101187 %0 Journal Article %D 2023 %T Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence %A M Wade %A McLaughlin, K %A Buzzell, G %A Fox, N %A Zeanah, C %A Nelson, C %X

We examined whether family care following early-life deprivation buffered the association between stressful life events (SLEs) and executive functioning (EF) in adolescence. In early childhood, 136 institutionally reared children were randomly assigned to foster care or care-as-usual; 72 never-institutionalized children served as a comparison group. At age 16 years, adolescents (n = 143; 54% female; 67.1% Romanian) self-reported recent SLEs, completed a battery of memory and EF tasks, and completed a go/nogo task in which mediofrontal theta power (MFTP) was measured using electroencephalogram. More independent SLEs predicted lower EF and more dependent SLEs predicted lower MFTP, but only among adolescents with prolonged early deprivation. Findings provide preliminary evidence that family care following early deprivation may facilitate resilience against stress during adolescence on EF.

%V 93 %P 43-56 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13863 %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2023 %T Childhood trauma and brain structure in children and adolescents %A Peverill, M %A Rosen, M %A Lurie, L %A Sambrook, K %A M Sheridan %A McLaughlin, K %X The dimensional model of adversity proposes that experiences of threat and deprivation have distinct neurodevelopmental consequences. We examined these dimensions, separately and jointly, with brain structure in a sample of 149 youth aged 8–17—half recruited based on exposure to threat-related experiences. We predicted that greater threat would be uniquely associated with reduced cortical thickness and surface area in brain regions associated with salience processing including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and insula, and that deprivation experiences would be uniquely associated with reductions in cortical thickness and surface area in frontoparietal areas associated with cognitive control. As predicted, greater threat was associated with thinner cortex in a network including areas involved in salience processing (anterior insula, vmPFC), and smaller amygdala volume (particularly in younger participants), after controlling for deprivation. Contrary to our hypotheses, threat was also associated with thinning in the frontoparietal control network. However, these associations were reduced following control for deprivation. No associations were found between deprivation and brain structure. This examination of deprivation and threat concurrently in the same sample provided further evidence that threat-related experiences influence the structure of the developing brain independent of deprivation. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 59 %P 1-9 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101180 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Adolescent Health %D 2023 %T Dimensions of Early Adversity and Sexual Behavior in a US Population-Based Adolescent Sample %A Thomas, J %A Colich, N %A McLaughlin, K %A Sumner, J %X

Purpose

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with sexual risk, but ELA dimensions—and potential mechanisms—have been less examined. We evaluated associations between threat and deprivation—two key ELA dimensions—and sexual behaviors in adolescents. Secondary analyses investigated age at menarche as a mechanism linking ELA with sexual outcomes in girls. We predicted associations between threat and sexual behaviors, with younger age at menarche as a pathway.

Methods

Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey, Adolescent Supplement. Adolescents and caregivers reported on youths' ELA experiences, which were categorized as threat- or deprivation-related. Adolescents reported if they engaged in sex (N = 9,937) and on specific sexual risk indicators, including age at first sex, number of past-year sexual partners, and condom use consistency (“always” vs. “not always” used). Girls reported age at menarche.

Results

Threat (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62–1.92]) and deprivation (OR = 1.51 [95% CI, 1.24–1.83]) were each linked with engagement in sex, ps<.05. Threat-related experiences were associated with multiple sexual risk markers, even when accounting for deprivation: earlier age at first sex (b = −0.20 [95% CI, −0.27 to 0.13]), greater number of partners (b = 0.17 [95% CI, 0.10–0.25]), and inconsistent condom use (OR = 0.72 [95% CI, 0.64–0.80]), ps <.001. Deprivation was not associated with sexual risk when adjusting for threat. We observed no significant indirect effects through age at menarche.

Discussion

Although threat and deprivation were related to engagement in sexual activity, threat-related experiences were uniquely associated with sexual risk. Screening for threat-related ELA may identify adolescents at-risk for poor sexual health.

%B Journal of Adolescent Health %V 72 %P 560-567 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.028 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2023 %T Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents %A SG Kim %A DG Weissman %A MA Sheridan %A KA McLaughlin %X Child abuse is associated with elevated risk for psychopathology. The current study examined the role of automatic emotion regulation as a potential mechanism linking child abuse with internalizing psychopathology. A sample of 237 youth aged 8–16 years and their caregivers participated. Child abuse severity was assessed by self-report questionnaires, and automatic emotion regulation was assessed using an emotional Stroop task designed to measure adaptation to emotional conflict. A similar task without emotional stimuli was also administered to evaluate whether abuse was uniquely associated with emotion regulation, but not cognitive control applied in a nonemotional context. Internalizing psychopathology was assessed concurrently and at a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. Child abuse severity was associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation but was unrelated to cognitive control. Specifically, the severity of emotional and physical abuse, but not sexual abuse, were associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation. Emotional conflict adaptation was not associated with internalizing psychopathology prospectively. These findings suggest that childhood emotional and physical abuse, in particular, may influence automatic forms of emotion regulation. Future work exploring the socioemotional consequences of altered automatic emotion regulation among youth exposed to child abuse is clearly needed. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 35 %P 157-167 %G eng %U https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34323213/ %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychology Review %D 2022 %T Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. %A Peverill, M. %A Dirks, M.A. %A Narvaja, T. %A Herts, K.L. %A Comer, J.S. %A K.A McLaughlin %X Children raised in families with low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to exhibit symptoms of psychopathology. However, the strength of this association, the specific indices of SES most strongly associated with childhood psychopathology, and factors moderating the association are strikingly inconsistent across studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of 120 estimates of the association between family SES and child psychopathology in 13 population-representative cohorts of children studied in the US since 1980. Among 26,715 participants aged 3–19 years, we observed small to moderate associations of low family income (g = 0.19), low Hollingshead index (g = 0.21), low subjective SES (g = 0.24), low parental education (g = 0.25), poverty status (g = 0.25), and receipt of public assistance (g = 0.32) with higher levels of childhood psychopathology. Moderator testing revealed that receipt of public assistance showed an especially strong association with psychopathology and that SES was more strongly related to externalizing than internalizing psychopathology. Dispersion in our final, random effects, model suggested that the relation between SES and child psychopathology is likely to vary in different populations of children and in different communities. These findings highlight the need for additional research on the mechanisms of SES-related psychopathology risk in children in order to identify targets for potential intervention. %B Clinical Psychology Review %V 83 %P 101933-101948 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101933 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2022 %T Language development as a mechanism linking socioeconomic status to executive functioning development in preschool. %A Romeo, R.R. %A Flournoy, J.C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Lengua, L.J. %X Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is related to disparities in the development of both language and executive functioning (EF) skills. Emerging evidence suggests that language development may precede and provide necessary scaffolding for EF development in early childhood. The present preregistered study investigates how these skills co-develop longitudinally in early childhood and whether language development explains the relationship between SES and EF development. A socioeconomically diverse sample of 305 children completed repeated assessments of language (sentence comprehension) and EF (cognitive flexibility, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive inhibition) at four waves spaced 9 months apart from ages 3 to 5 years. Bivariate latent curve models with structured residuals were estimated to disaggregate between-person and within-person components of stability and change. Results revealed bidirectional relationships between language and EF across all waves. However, at 3 years, language comprehension more strongly predicted EF than the reverse; yet by 5 years, the bidirectional effects across domains did not significantly differ. Children from higher-SES backgrounds exhibited higher initial language and EF skills than children from lower-SES families, though SES was not associated with either rate of growth. Finally, early language-mediated the association between SES and early EF skills, and this model outperformed a reverse direction mediation. Together, results suggest that EF development is driven by early language development, and that SES disparities in EF are explained, at least in part, by early differences in language comprehension. These findings have implications for early interventions to support children's language skills as a potential pathway to improving early EF development. %B Developmental Science %V 25 %P 13227-13239 %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1111/desc.13227 %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Journal and Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Maternal mental health mediates the effects of pandemic-related stressors on adolescent psychopathology during COVID-19 %A Lengua, L.J. %A Thompson, S.F. %A Kim, S.G. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Rodman, A.M. %A Kasparek, S.W. %A Mayes, M. %A Zalewski, M. %A Meltzoff, A. N. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Background: This study examined whether COVID-19-related maternal mental health changes contributed to changes in adolescent psychopathology.

Methods: A community sample of 226 adolescents (12 years old before COVID-19) and their mothers were asked to complete COVID-19 surveys early in the pandemic (April–May 2020, adolescents 14 years) and approximately 6 months later (November 2020–January 2021). Surveys assessed pandemic-related stressors (health, financial, social, school, environment) and mental health.

Results: Lower prepandemic family income-to-needs ratio was associated with higher pre-pandemic maternal mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression) and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, and with experiencing more pandemic-related stressors. Pandemic-related stressors predicted increases in maternal mental health symptoms, but not adolescent symptoms when other variables were covaried. Higher maternal mental health symptoms predicted concurrent increases in adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Maternal mental health mediated the effects of pre-pandemic income and pandemic-related stressors on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems.

Conclusions: Results indicate that adolescent mental health is closely tied to maternal mental health during community-level stressors such as COVID-19, and that pre-existing family economic context and adolescent symptoms increase risk for elevations in symptoms of psychopathology.

%B Journal and Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 63 %P 1544-1552 %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1111/jcpp.13610 %N 12 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Dynamic alterations in neural networks supporting aversive learning in children exposed to trauma: Neural mechanisms underlying psychopathology %A DeCross, S.N. %A Sambrook, K.A. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A Tottenham, N. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

BACKGROUND: Altered aversive learning represents a potential mechanism through which childhood trauma (CT) might influence risk for psychopathology. This study examines the temporal dynamics of neural activation and patterns of functional connectivity during aversive learning in children with and without exposure to CT involving interpersonal violence and evaluates whether these neural patterns mediate the association of CT with psychopathology in a longitudinal design.

METHODS: A total of 147 children (aged 8–16 years, 77 with CT) completed a fear conditioning procedure during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Dynamic patterns of neural activation were examined, and functional connectivity was assessed with generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses. We evaluated whether the associations between CT and psychopathology symptoms at baseline and 2-year follow-up were mediated by neural activation and connectivity during aversive learning.

RESULTS: Children exposed to trauma displayed blunted patterns of neural activation over time to the conditioned threat versus safety stimuli (CS1.CS2) in the right amygdala. In addition, trauma was associated with reduced functional connectivity of right amygdala with the hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex and with elevated connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex to CS1.CS2. The longitudinal association between CT and later externalizing symptoms was mediated by blunted activation in the right amygdala. Reduced amygdala-hippocampal connectivity mediated the association of CT with transdiagnostic anxiety symptoms, and elevated amygdala–anterior cingulate cortex connectivity mediated the association of CT with generalized anxiety symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: CT is associated with poor threat-safety discrimination and altered functional coupling between salience and default mode network regions during aversive learning. These altered dynamics may be key mechanisms linking CT with distinct forms of psychopathology

%B Biological Psychiatry %V 91 %P 667-675 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.013 %N 7 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science %D 2022 %T Experience-driven plasticity and the emergence of psychopathology: A mechanistic framework integrating development and the environment into the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Gabard-Durnam, L. %X Despite the clear importance of a developmental perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology across the life-course, such a perspective has yet to be integrated into the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model. In this paper, we articulate a framework that incorporates developmentally specific learning mechanisms that reflect experience-driven plasticity as additional units of analysis in the existing RDoC matrix. These include both experience-expectant learning mechanisms that occur during sensitive periods of development and experience-dependent learning mechanisms that may exhibit substantial variation across development. Incorporating these learning mechanisms allows for clear integration not only of development but also environmental experience into the RDoC model. We demonstrate how individual differences in environmental experiences—such as early life adversity—can be leveraged to identify experience-driven plasticity patterns across development and apply this framework to consider how environmental experience shapes key biobehavioral processes that comprise the RDoC model. This framework provides a structure for understanding how affective, cognitive, social, and neurobiological processes are shaped by experience across development and ultimately contribute to the emergence of psychopathology. We demonstrate how incorporating an experience-driven plasticity framework is critical for understanding the development of many processes subsumed within the RDoC model, which will contribute to greater understanding of developmental variation in the etiology of psychopathology and can be leveraged to identify potential windows of heightened developmental plasticity when clinical interventions might be maximally efficacious. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) %B Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science %V 131 %P 575-587 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000598 %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychology %D 2022 %T Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach %A Berman, I %A McLaughlin, K %A Tottenham, N %A Godfrey, K %A Seeman, T. %A Loucks, E %A Suomi, S %A Danese, A %A M Sheridan %X

Exposure to adversity in childhood is associated with elevations in numerous physical and mental health outcomes across the life course. The biological embedding of early experience during periods of developmental plasticity is one pathway that contributes to these associations. Dimensional models specify mechanistic pathways linking different dimensions of adversity to health and well-being outcomes later in life. While findings from existing studies testing these dimensions have provided promising preliminary support for these models, less agreement exists about how to measure the experiences that comprise each dimension. Here, we review existing approaches to measuring two dimensions of adversity: threat and deprivation. We recommend specific measures for measuring these constructs and, when possible, document when the same measure can be used by different reporters and across the lifespan to maximize the utility with which these recommendations can be applied. Through this approach, we hope to stimulate progress in understanding how particular dimensions of early environmental experience contribute to lifelong health.

%B Development and Psychology %V 34 %P 499-511 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001826 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2022 %T Social experiences and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal studySocial behavior and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 dyongitudinal study %A Rodman, A %A Rosen, M %A Kasperek, S %A M Mayes %A L Lengua %A Meltzoff, A %A McLaughlin, K %X

The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home orders resulted in a stark reduction in daily social interactions for children and adolescents. Given that peer relationships are especially important during this developmental stage, it is crucial to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social behavior and risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents. In a longitudinal sample (N=224) of children (7-10y) and adolescents (13-15y) assessed at three strategic time points (before the pandemic, during the initial stay-at-home order period, and six months later after the initial stay-at-home order period was lifted), we examine whether certain social factors protect against increases in stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, controlling for pre-pandemic symptoms. Youth who reported less in-person and digital socialization, greater social isolation, and less social support had worsened psychopathology during the pandemic. Greater social isolation and decreased digital socialization during the pandemic were associated with greater risk for psychopathology after experiencing pandemic-related stressors. In addition, children, but not adolescents, who maintained some in-person socialization were less likely to develop internalizing symptoms following exposure to pandemic-related stressors. We identify social factors that promote well-being and resilience in youth during this societal event.

%B Development and Psychopathology %P 1-13 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001250 %0 Journal Article %J NeuroImage %D 2022 %T A comparison of methods to harmonize cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites %A Sun, D %A ... %A McLaughlin, K %A et. al %X Results of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple sites may be biased by site-specific profiles in participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as MRI acquisition protocols and scanning platforms. We compared the impact of four different harmonization methods on results obtained from analyses of cortical thickness data: (1) linear mixed-effects model (LME) that models site-specific random intercepts (LMEINT), (2) LME that models both site-specific random intercepts and age-related random slopes (LMEINT+SLP), (3) ComBat, and (4) ComBat with a generalized additive model (ComBat-GAM). Our test case for comparing harmonization methods was cortical thickness data aggregated from 29 sites, which included 1,340 cases with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2–81.8 years old) and 2,057 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (6.3–85.2 years old). We found that, compared to the other data harmonization methods, data processed with ComBat-GAM was more sensitive to the detection of significant case-control differences (Χ2(3) = 63.704, p < 0.001) as well as case-control differences in age-related cortical thinning (Χ2(3) = 12.082, p = 0.007). Both ComBat and ComBat-GAM outperformed LME methods in detecting sex differences (Χ2(3) = 9.114, p = 0.028) in regional cortical thickness. ComBat-GAM also led to stronger estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness (corrected p-values < 0.001), stronger estimates of case-related cortical thickness reduction (corrected p-values < 0.001), weaker estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness in cases than controls (corrected p-values < 0.001), stronger estimates of cortical thickness reduction in females than males (corrected p-values < 0.001), and stronger estimates of cortical thickness reduction in females relative to males in cases than controls (corrected p-values < 0.001). Our results support the use of ComBat-GAM to minimize confounds and increase statistical power when harmonizing data with non-linear effects, and the use of either ComBat or ComBat-GAM for harmonizing data with linear effects. %B NeuroImage %V 261 %P 1 - 19 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119509 %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Structural brain alterations associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people: results from 21 international studies from the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium %A van Velzen, L %A ... %A McLaughlin, K %A et. al %X Identifying brain alterations associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in young people is critical to understanding their development and improving early intervention and prevention. The ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours (ENIGMA-STB) consortium analyzed neuroimaging data harmonized across sites to examine brain morphology associated with STBs in youth. We performed analyses in three separate stages, in samples ranging from most to least homogeneous in terms of suicide assessment instrument and mental disorder. First, in a sample of 577 young people with mood disorders, in which STBs were assessed with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Second, in a sample of young people with mood disorders, in which STB were assessed using different instruments, MRI metrics were compared among healthy controls without STBs (HC; N = 519), clinical controls with a mood disorder but without STBs (CC; N = 246) and young people with current suicidal ideation (N = 223). In separate analyses, MRI metrics were compared among HCs (N = 253), CCs (N = 217), and suicide attempters (N = 64). Third, in a larger transdiagnostic sample with various assessment instruments (HC = 606; CC = 419; Ideation = 289; HC = 253; CC = 432; Attempt=91). In the homogeneous C-SSRS sample, surface area of the frontal pole was lower in young people with mood disorders and a history of actual suicide attempts (N = 163) than those without a lifetime suicide attempt (N = 323; FDR-p = 0.035, Cohen’s d = 0.34). No associations with suicidal ideation were found. When examining more heterogeneous samples, we did not observe significant associations. Lower frontal pole surface area may represent a vulnerability for a (non-interrupted and non-aborted) suicide attempt; however, more research is needed to understand the nature of its relationship to suicide risk. %B Molecular Psychiatry %V 27 %P 4550–4560 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01734-0 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2022 %T The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination %A Clayton, M %A Renna, M.E. %A Klemanski, David %A Kerns, C %A McLaughlin, K %X

Background

Negative self-referential processing (NSRP), including worry and rumination, is a hallmark feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Negative affect relates to NSRP, and emotion regulation skills (e.g., reappraisal and acceptance) may attenuate this relationship. This ecological momentary assessment study explored whether increased emotion regulation skills use would alter associations between daily fluctuations of negative affect and end-of-day NSRP.

Methods

Participants were 99 young adults (Mage = 19.94; SD = 1.81), diagnosed with GAD (n = 48) and healthy controls (n = 51). They provided twice daily ratings of negative affect, reappraisal, and acceptance over 14 days, and end-of-day ratings of NSRP. Mixed linear models adjusted for covariates, including state-level worry and rumination.

Results

Individuals with GAD reported higher levels of negative than controls, and high negative affect corresponded to greater end-of-day NSRP across all participants. Increased emotion regulation skills altered the relationship between increased negative affect and higher NSRP, though this did not differ by group. Acceptance and reappraisal differentially affected associations between negative affect and NSRP.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that emotion regulation skills moderate the relationship between negative affect and end-of-day NSRP, highlighting the utility of using reappraisal and acceptance in daily life. This could eventually lead to improvements in treating GAD.

%B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 47 %P 94-108 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4 %0 Journal Article %J https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101167 %D 2022 %T Increasing diversity in developmental cognitive neuroscience: A roadmap for increasing representation in pediatric neuroimaging research %A Garcini, L %A Arredondo, M %A Berry, O %A Church, J %A Fryberg, S %A Thomason, M %A McLaughlin, K %X Understanding of human brain development has advanced rapidly as the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience (DCN) has matured into an established scientific discipline. Despite substantial progress, DCN lags behind other related disciplines in terms of diverse representation, standardized reporting requirements for socio-demographic characteristics of participants in pediatric neuroimaging studies, and use of intentional sampling strategies to more accurately represent the socio-demographic, ethnic, and racial composition of the populations from which participants are sampled. Additional efforts are needed to shift DCN towards a more inclusive field that facilitates the study of individual differences across a variety of cultural and contextual experiences. In this commentary, we outline and discuss barriers within our current scientific practice (e.g., research methods) and beliefs (i.e., what constitutes good science, good scientists, and good research questions) that contribute to under-representation and limited diversity within pediatric neuroimaging studies and propose strategies to overcome those barriers. We discuss strategies to address barriers at intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, systemic, and structural levels. Highlighting strength-based models of inclusion and recognition of the value of diversity in DCN research, along with acknowledgement of the support needed to diversify the field is critical for advancing understanding of neurodevelopment and reducing health inequities. %B https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101167 %V 58 %P 1 - 11 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101167 %0 Journal Article %J Social Neuroscience %D 2022 %T Community-level explicit racial prejudice potentiates whites’ neural responses to black faces: A spatial meta-analysis %A Hatzenbuehler, M %A McLaughlin, K %A Weissman, D %A Cikara, Mina %X

We evaluated the hypothesis that neural responses to racial out-group members vary systematically based on the level of racial prejudice in the surrounding community. To do so, we conducted a spatial meta-analysis, which included a comprehensive set of studies (k = 22; N = 481). Specifically, we tested whether community-level racial prejudice moderated neural activation to Black (vs. White) faces in primarily White participants. Racial attitudes, obtained from Project Implicit, were aggregated to the county (k = 17; N = 10,743) in which each study was conducted. Multi-level kernel density analysis demonstrated that significant differences in neural activation to Black (vs. White) faces in right amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were detected more often in communities with higher (vs. lower) levels of explicit (but not implicit) racial prejudice. These findings advance social-cognitive neuroscience by identifying aspects of macro-social contexts that may alter neural responses to out-group members.

%B Social Neuroscience %P 1-17 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2022.2153915 %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Network Open %D 2022 %T Poverty, Cortical Structure, and Psychopathologic Characteristics in Adolescence %A Kim, Hannah H. %A McLaughlin, K. %A Chibnik, Lori B %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Timelier, Henning %X

IMPORTANCE Childhood poverty has been associated with increased internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, a period of peak onset for psychiatric problems. The underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear because longitudinal studies of poverty, brain structure, and changes in psychiatric symptoms are lacking.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether structural differences in cortical regions mediate the association between household poverty and change in psychiatric symptoms in early adolescence.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This longitudinal cohort study used baseline and 1-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Children aged 9 to 10 years in the US were enrolled between September 1, 2016, and October 15, 2018. Data analysis was performed from August 13, 2021, to September 30, 2022.

EXPOSURES Household poverty as measured by income-to-needs ratio, which incorporates family income and adjusts for family size as a percentage of the federal poverty level.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mediators were children’s cortical surface area, thickness, and

volume, obtained usingmagnetic resonance imaging. Internalizing and externalizing problems at

1-year follow-up were outcomes measured by maternal report using the Child Behavior Checklist. Analyses were adjusted for baseline psychiatric problems and sociodemographic variables, including sex, race and ethnicity, parental educational level, and study site.

RESULTS Of the 7569 children (mean [SD] age, 9.91 [0.62] years; 3970 boys [52.5%]) included in the analysis, 1042 children (13.8%) lived below the poverty threshold between 2016 and 2018. Poverty was associated with increased externalizing symptoms score at 1-year follow-up (b = 1.57; 95%CI, 1.14-1.99), even after adjustment for baseline externalizing symptoms (b = 0.35; 95%CI, 0.06-0.64). The longitudinal associations of poverty with increases in externalizing problems over time were mediated by reductions in surface area in multiple cortical regions that support executive functioning (middle frontal gyrus), decision-making (lateral orbitofrontal cortex), visual processing (fusiform gyrus), auditory processing (transverse temporal gyrus), and emotion and language processing (superior temporal gyrus).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study suggest that childhood poverty is associated with increases in externalizing problems, but not internalizing problems, over time in early adolescence. This association is mediated by reductions in cortical surface area across numerous brain regions. These findings highlight potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the link between poverty and the emergence of externalizing problems during early adolescence.

%B JAMA Network Open %V 5 %P 1-12 %G eng %U https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2799026?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2022.44049 %N 11 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Integration of Diversity and Equity Frameworks to Advance Biological Psychiatry %A Arrendo, M %A Garcini, L %A MaLaughlin, K %X Environmental experiences play a powerful role in shaping mental health across the life course. Exposure to trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and other forms of chronic stress and adversity are associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology throughout development. Biological psychiatry research has revealed that alterations in brain structure and function are key mechanisms through which adverse environmental experiences contribute to the emergence of psychopathology. Characterizing the neurobiological pathways that underlie the links between adverse experiences and the onset of mental disorders is an active and burgeoning area of research. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 7 %P 1198-1199 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.08.004 %N 12 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2022 %T Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach %A Berman, Ilana %A McLaughlin, K %A Tottenham, N %A Godfrey, K %A Seeman, T. %A Loucks, E %A Soumi, S %A Danese, A %A M Sheridan %X

Exposure to adversity in childhood is associated with elevations in numerous physical and mental health outcomes across the life course. The biological embedding of early experience during periods of developmental plasticity is one pathway that contributes to these associations. Dimensional models specify mechanistic pathways linking different dimensions of adversity to health and well-being outcomes later in life. While findings from existing studies testing these dimensions have provided promising preliminary support for these models, less agreement exists about how to measure the experiences that comprise each dimension. Here, we review existing approaches to measuring two dimensions of adversity: threat and deprivation. We recommend specific measures for measuring these constructs and, when possible, document when the same measure can be used by different reporters and across the lifespan to maximize the utility with which these recommendations can be applied. Through this approach, we hope to stimulate progress in understanding how particular dimensions of early environmental experience contribute to lifelong health.

%B Development and Psychopathology %V 34 %P 499 - 511 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001826 %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Science Advances %D 2022 %T Early deprivation alters structural brain development from middle childhood to adolescence %A M Sheridan %A Mukerji, C %A M Wade %A Humphreys, K %A Garrisi, K %A Goel, S %A Patel, K %A Fox, N %A Zeanah, C %A Nelson, C %A McLaughlin, K %X

Hypotheses concerning the biologic embedding of early adversity via developmental neuroplasticity mechanisms have been proposed on the basis of experimental studies in animals. However, no studies have demonstrated a causal link between early adversity and neural development in humans. Here, we present evidence from a randomized controlled trial linking psychosocial deprivation in early childhood to changes in cortical development from childhood to adolescence using longitudinal data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Changes in cortical structure due to randomization to foster care were most pronounced in the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex and in white matter tracts connecting the prefrontal and parietal cortex. Demonstrating the causal impact of exposure to deprivation on the development of neural structure highlights the importance of early placement into family-based care to mitigate lasting neurodevelopmental consequences associated with early-life deprivation.

%B Science Advances %P 1-13 %G eng %U https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abn4316 %0 Journal Article %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %D 2022 %T Foster care leads to sustained cognitive gains following severeearly deprivation %A Humphreys, Kathryn %A King, Lucy %A Guyon-Harris, Katherine %A Sheridan, Margaret %A McLaughlin, Kate %A Radulescu, Anca %A Nelson, Charles %A Fox, Nathan %A Zeanah, Charles %X

This study examined longitudinal data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care following exposure to severe psychosocial deprivation. We report data from 135 participants assessed in early adulthood (age 18 y). We find that 16 y after randomization occurred, those who had been randomized to high-quality foster care had significantly higher IQ scores (9 points, 0.6 SD) than those randomized to care as usual. Mediation analyses provide evidence that the causal effect of the intervention on cognitive ability in early adulthood could be explained, in part, by higher-quality caregiving and attachment security. These findings indicate that early investment in family care as an alternative to institutional care leads to sustained gains in cognitive ability. Fostering caregiving relationships is a likely mechanism of the intervention. In addition, exploratory analyses indicate that stable placements throughout childhood are associated with the greatest long-term gains in cognitive ability. Whether early interventions for infants and young children lead to lasting change has significant implications for decisions to invest in programs aimed at improving children’s developmental outcomes.

%B Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %V 119 %P 1-6 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2119318119 %N 38 %0 Journal Article %J Child Development Perspectives %D 2022 %T The Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Adolescent mental health and adaptation following early deprivation %A Mark Wade %A Parsons, Jill %A Humphreys, Kathryn %A McLaughlin, K %A M Sheridan %A Zeanah, Charles %A Nelson, C %A Fox, N %X

 

Over the last 20 years, we have learned much about the extent to which early-life deprivation affects the mental health of children and adolescents. This body of evidence comes predominantly from studies of children raised in institutional care. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is the only randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate whether the transition to family-based foster care early in development can ameliorate the long-term impact of institutional deprivation on psychopathology during vulnerable developmental windows such as adolescence. In this review, we detail the extent to which early deprivation affects mental health during this period, the capacity of family-based care to facilitate recovery from early deprivation, and the mechanisms underpinning these effects spanning social–emotional, cognitive, stress, and neurobiological domains. We end by discussing the implications and directions for the BEIP and other studies of youth raised in institutions.

%B Child Development Perspectives %P 154 - 164 %G eng %U http://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12462 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2022 %T Stress-related psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic %A McLaughlin, K %A Rosen, Maya %A Kasparek, S %A Rodman, A %X The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced widespread societal changes that have required ongoing adaptation. Unsurprisingly, stress-related psychopathology has increased during the pandemic, in both children and adults. We review these patterns through the lens of several leading conceptual models of the link between stress and psychopathology. Some of these models focus on characteristics of environmental stressors—including cumulative risk, specific stressor types, and stress sensitization approaches. Understanding the specific aspects of environmental stressors that are most likely to lead to psychopathology can shed light on who may be in most need of clinical intervention. Other models center on factors that can buffer against the onset of psychopathology following stress and the mechanisms through which stressors contribute to emergent psychopathology. These models highlight specific psychosocial processes that may be most usefully targeted by interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology. We review evidence for each of these stress models in the context of other widescale community-level disruptions, like natural disasters and terrorist attacks, alongside emerging evidence for these stress pathways from the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss clinical implications for developing interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, with a focus on brief, digital interventions that may be more accessible than traditional clinical services. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 154 %P 1-11 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104121 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Enhancing discovery of genetic variants for posttraumatic stress disorder through integration of quantitative phenotypes and trauma exposure information. %A Maihofer, A. X. %A et. al %X

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is heritable and a potential consequence of exposure to traumatic stress. Evidence suggests that a quantitative approach to PTSD phenotype measurement and incorporation of lifetime trauma exposure (LTE) information could enhance the discovery power of PTSD genome-wide association studies (GWASs).

Methods

A GWAS on PTSD symptoms was performed in 51 cohorts followed by a fixed-effects meta-analysis (N = 182,199 European ancestry participants). A GWAS of LTE burden was performed in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 132,988). Genetic correlations were evaluated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS. Functional mapping and annotation of leading loci was performed with FUMA. Replication was evaluated using the Million Veteran Program GWAS of PTSD total symptoms.

Results

GWASs of PTSD symptoms and LTE burden identified 5 and 6 independent genome-wide significant loci, respectively. There was a 72% genetic correlation between PTSD and LTE. PTSD and LTE showed largely similar patterns of genetic correlation with other traits, albeit with some distinctions. Adjusting PTSD for LTE reduced PTSD heritability by 31%. Multivariate analysis of PTSD and LTE increased the effective sample size of the PTSD GWAS by 20% and identified 4 additional loci. Four of these 9 PTSD loci were independently replicated in the Million Veteran Program.

Conclusions

Through using a quantitative trait measure of PTSD, we identified novel risk loci not previously identified using prior case-control analyses. PTSD and LTE have a high genetic overlap that can be leveraged to increase discovery power through multivariate methods.

%B Biological Psychiatry %V 91 %P 626 - 636 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.020 %N 7 %0 Journal Article %J Emotion %D 2022 %T Autonomic reactivity to social rejection, peer difficulties, and the buffering effects of adolescent friendships following early psychosocial deprivation %A Tang, A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Sheridan, M. %A Nelson, C. A. %A Zeanah, C. H. %X Autonomic nervous system reactivity has been posited to be a mechanism contributing to social and emotional problems among children exposed to early adversity. Leveraging data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of foster care versus institutional care of abandoned children in Romania, we assessed whether altered sympathetic reactivity to peer rejection feedback in early adolescence mediated the relation between early institutional rearing and peer problems in later adolescence. We also assessed whether adolescent friendship quality or randomized placement in foster care early in life moderated these associations. Participants include 68 institutionalized children randomized to care as usual, 68 institutionalized children randomized to foster care, and 135 never-institutionalized children. At age 12, participants reported friendship quality with respect to a best friend and completed a social rejection task while electrocardiogram and impedance cardiography were recorded. Sympathetic nervous system reactivity to rejection feedback was assessed using preejection period (PEP). At ages 12 and 16, peer problems were reported by parents. Mediation analysis revealed that less PEP reactivity to social rejection at age 12 partially mediated the association between early institutionalization and greater peer problems at age 16. Further moderated mediation analysis revealed that this indirect effect was evidenced among previously institutionalized youths with low, but not high, quality friendships. We did not observe foster care intervention effects. These findings suggest that altered sympathetic reactivity to social rejection might be a mechanism linking early institutionalization to social difficulties into adolescence, however, positive adolescent friendships may buffer these effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) %B Emotion %V 22 %P 318 - 330 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001016 %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2022 %T Lower implicit self-esteem as a pathway linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation %A Reid-Russell, A. %A Cvencek, D. %A Meltzoff, A. N. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Identifying the potential pathways linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation is critical for developing effective interventions. This study investigated implicit self-esteem—unconscious valenced self-evaluation—as a potential pathway linking childhood abuse with depression and suicidal ideation. A sample of youth aged 8–16 years (N = 240) completed a self-esteem Implicit Association Test (IAT) and assessments of abuse exposure, and psychopathology symptoms, including depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms. Psychopathology symptoms were re-assessed 1–3 years later. Childhood abuse was positively associated with baseline and follow-up depression symptoms and suicidal ideation severity, and negatively associated with implicit self-esteem. Lower implicit self-esteem was associated with both depression and suicidal ideation assessed concurrently and predicted significant increases in depression and suicidal ideation over the longitudinal follow-up period. Lower implicit self-esteem was also associated with baseline anxiety, externalizing symptoms, and a general psychopathology factor (i.e. p-factor). We found an indirect effect of childhood abuse on baseline and follow-up depression symptoms and baseline suicidal ideation through implicit self-esteem. These findings point to implicit self-esteem as a potential mechanism linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 34 %P 1272–1286 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420002217 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Environmental conditions to promote healthy childhood brain/behavioral development: Informing early preventive interventions for delivery in routine care. %A Luby, J. %A Rogers, C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Environmental experiences early in life have strong and enduring consequences for cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological development and related physical and mental health trajectories. The powerful influence of early caregiver nurturance and stimulation on promoting positive neurodevelopmental outcomes has been demonstrated across species. These findings elucidate the environmental conditions known to facilitate healthy neurodevelopment and underscore the potential for modifiable psychosocial factors in the environment to be harnessed to inform early preventive interventions to promote health and adaptive development. A framework for early preventive interventions to enhance nurturing and responsive caregiving for implementation during early sensitive periods of brain develop- ment delivered within existing health or educational infrastructures is proposed. Emotional development during sensitive periods is an important, under-recognized, and abundantly modifiable predictor of mental and physical health outcomes that warrants investment of resources and integration of interventions into public health infra- structure for children worldwide. Future studies are needed to further clarify whether and when sensitive periods are present for key developmental domains to inform the optimal timing and targets of these interventions. Numerous available empirically supported early interventions may be modified and applied in briefer and more feasible mo- dalities of delivery to broader populations of developing children. As well established in growth and development across species, essential environmental inputs that are particularly important at specified developmental periods facilitate optimal growth trajectories. Such principles hold great potential in application to early child neuro- development to facilitate a thriving and resilient human population.

%B Biological Psychiatry %V 2 %P 233-241 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.10.003 %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2022 %T Stress-related psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. %A McLaughlin, Kate A %A Rosen, Maya L %A Kasparek, Steven W %A Rodman, Alexandra M %X The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced widespread societal changes that have required ongoing adaptation. Unsurprisingly, stress-related psychopathology has increased during the pandemic, in both children and adults. We review these patterns through the lens of several leading conceptual models of the link between stress and psychopathology. Some of these models focus on characteristics of environmental stressors—including cumulative risk, specific stressor types, and stress sensitization approaches. Understanding the specific aspects of environmental stressors that are most likely to lead to psychopathology can shed light on who may be in most need of clinical intervention. Other models center on factors that can buffer against the onset of psychopathology following stress and the mechanisms through which stressors contribute to emergent psychopathology. These models highlight specific psychosocial processes that may be most usefully targeted by interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology. We review evidence for each of these stress models in the context of other widescale community-level disruptions, like natural disasters and terrorist attacks, alongside emerging evidence for these stress pathways from the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss clinical implications for developing interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, with a focus on brief, digital interventions that may be more accessible than traditional clinical services. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 154 %P 1-11 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104121 %0 Journal Article %J Annual Review of Clinical Psychology %D 2022 %T Training the Next Generation of Clinical Psychological Scientists: A Data-Driven Call to Action %A Gee, Dylan G %A DeYoung, Kathryn A %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %A Tillman, Rachael M %A Barch, Deanna M %A Forbes, Erika E %A Krueger, Robert F %A Strauman, Timothy J %A Weierich, Mariann R %A Shackman, Alexander J %X The central goal of clinical psychology is to reduce the suffering caused by mental health conditions. Anxiety, mood, psychosis, substance use, personality, and other mental disorders impose an immense burden on global public health and the economy. Tackling this burden will require the development and dissemination of intervention strategies that are more effective, sustainable, and equitable. Clinical psychology is uniquely poised to serve as a transdisciplinary hub for this work. But rising to this challengerequires an honest reckoning with the strengths and weaknesses of current training practices. Building on new data, we identify the most important challenges to training the next generation of clinical scientists. We provide specific recommendations for the full spectrum of stakeholders—from funders, accreditors, and universities to program directors, faculty, and students—with an emphasis on sustainable solutions that promote scientific rigor and discovery and enhance the mental health of clinical scientists and the public alike. %B Annual Review of Clinical Psychology %V 18 %P 43-70 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092500 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2022 %T Threat and deprivation are associated with distinct aspects of cognition, emotional processing and psychopathology in children and adolescents %A Schäfer, Julia L %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %A Manfro, Gisele G %A Pedro, Pan %A Rohde, Luis A %A Miguel, Eurípedes C %A Simioni, André %A Hoffmann, Maurício S %A Salum, Giovanni A %X

Exposure to childhood adversity has been consistently associated with poor devel- opmental outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations vary across dif- ferent forms of adversity. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associa- tions between threat and deprivation with cognition, emotional processing, and psy- chopathology in a middle-income country. The sample consisted of 2511 children and adolescents (6–17 years old) from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Mental Condi- tions. Parent reports on childhood adversity were used to construct adversity latent constructs. Psychopathology was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to generate a measure of general psychopathology (the “p” factor). Executive function (EF) and attention orienting toward angry faces were assessed using cognitive tasks. All measures were acquired at two time-points 3 years apart and associations were tested using general linear models. Higher levels of psychopathology were predicted by higher levels of threat cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and by deprivation longi- tudinally. For EF, worse performance was associated only with deprivation at baseline and follow-up. Finally, threat was associated with attention orienting towards angry faces cross-sectionally, but neither form of adversity was associated with changes over time in attention bias. Our results suggest that threat and deprivation have dif- ferential associations with cognitive development and psychopathology. Exposure to adversity during childhood is a complex phenomenon with meaningful influences on child development. Because adversity can take many forms, dimensional models might help to disentangle the specific developmental correlates of different types of early experience. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=uEU0L8exyTM.

 

%B Developmental Science %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13267 %0 Journal Article %J Current Opinion in Psychology %D 2022 %T Accelerated pubertal development as a mechanism linking trauma exposure with depression and anxiety in adolescenceAuthor links open overlay panel %A Colich, Natalie L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Exposure to early-life adversity (ELA) is associated with elevated risk for depression and anxiety disorders in adolescence. Identifying mechanisms through which ELA contributes to the emergence of depression and anxiety is necessary to design preventive interventions. One potential mechanism linking exposure to ELA with psychopathology is accelerated pubertal development. Exposure to trauma—specifically interpersonal violence—is associated with earlier pubertal timing, which in turn predicts adolescent-onset depression and anxiety disorders. We review the recent literature on adversity and accelerated pubertal development, exploring specific associations between trauma and accelerated pubertal development as a mechanism linking adversity with depression and anxiety disorders in adolescence. Finally, we suggest future directions for research exploring mechanisms linking ELA with accelerated pubertal development as well as pubertal timing and psychopathology in adolescence. %B Current Opinion in Psychology %V 46 %P 1-6 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101338 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Epigenetics %D 2022 %T Epigenetics of early-life adversity in youth: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Gambazza, Simone %A Gao, Xu %A Baccarelli, Andrea A %A Uddin, Monica %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X

Background: Altered DNA methylation (DNAm) may be one pathway through which early-life adversity (ELA) contributes to adverse mental and physical health outcomes. This study investigated whether the presence versus absence of ELA experiences reflecting the dimensions of threat and deprivation were associated with epigenome- wide DNAm cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a community-based sample of children and adolescents.

Methods: In 113 youths aged 8–16 years with wide variability in ELA, we examined associations of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional; indicating threat-related experiences) and neglect (emotional, physical; indicating deprivation- related experiences) with DNAm assessed with the Illumina EPIC BeadChip array, with DNA derived from saliva. In cross-sectional epigenome-wide analyses, we investigated associations of lifetime abuse and neglect with DNAm at baseline. In longitudinal epigenome-wide analyses, we examined whether experiencing abuse and neglect over an approximately 2-year follow-up were each associated with change in DNAm from baseline to follow-up.

Results: In cross-sectional analyses adjusting for lifetime experience of neglect, lifetime experience of abuse was associated with DNAm for four cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) sites (cg20241299: coefficient = 0.023,
SE = 0.004; cg08671764: coefficient = 0.018, SE = 0.003; cg27152686: coefficient = − 0.069, SE = 0.012; cg24241897: coefficient = − 0.003, SE = 0.001; FDR < .05). In longitudinal analyses, experiencing neglect over follow-up was associ- ated with an increase in DNAm for one CpG site, adjusting for abuse over follow-up (cg03135983: coefficient = 0.036, SE = 0.006; FDR < .05).

Conclusions: In this study, we identified examples of epigenetic patterns associated with ELA experiences of threat and deprivation that were already observable in youth. We provide novel evidence for change in DNAm over time in relation to ongoing adversity and that experiences reflecting distinct ELA dimensions may be characterized by unique epigenetic patterns.

Keywords: Threat, Deprivation, Abuse, Neglect, DNA methylation

 

%B Clinical Epigenetics %V 14 %P 1-12 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-022-01269-9 %N 48 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %D 2022 %T Remodeling of the Cortical Structural Connectome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium %A Sun, Delin %A et. al. %X

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is accompanied by disrupted cortical neuroanatomy. We investigated alteration in covariance of structural networks associated with PTSD in regions that demonstrate the case-control differences in cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA).

Methods: Neuroimaging and clinical data were aggregated from 29 research sites in >1,300 PTSD cases and >2,000 trauma-exposed controls (age 6.2-85.2 years) by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Cortical regions in the network were rank-ordered by effect size of PTSD- related cortical differences in CT and SA. The top-n (n = 2 to 148) regions with the largest effect size for PTSD > non-PTSD formed hypertrophic networks, the largest effect size for PTSD < non-PTSD formed atrophic networks, and the smallest effect size of between-group differences formed stable networks. The mean structural covariance (SC) of a given n-region network was the average of all positive pairwise correlations and was compared to the mean SC of 5,000 randomly generated n-region networks.

Results: Patients with PTSD, relative to non-PTSD controls, exhibited lower mean SC in CT- based and SA-based atrophic networks. Comorbid depression, sex and age modulated covariance differences of PTSD-related structural networks.

Conclusions: Covariance of structural networks based on CT and cortical SA are affected by PTSD and further modulated by comorbid depression, sex, and age. The structural covariance networks that are perturbed in PTSD comport with converging evidence from resting state functional connectivity networks and networks impacted by inflammatory processes, and stress hormones in PTSD.

 

Keywords: PTSD, Cortical Thickness, Surface Area, Structural Covariance, Brain Network, Depression.

 

%B Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %V 7 %P 935-948 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.008 %N 9 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Maternal mental health mediates the effects of pandemic-related stressors on adolescent psychopathology during COVID-19 %A Lengua, Liliana J. %A Thompson, Stephanie F. %A Gyuri Kim, Stephanie %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Rodman, Alexandra %A Kasparek, Steven %A Mayes, Makeda %A Zalewski, Maureen %A Meltzoff, Andrew %A McLaughlin, Kate A. %X

Background

This study examined whether COVID-19-related maternal mental health changes contributed to changes in adolescent psychopathology.

Methods

A community sample of 226 adolescents (12 years old before COVID-19) and their mothers were asked to complete COVID-19 surveys early in the pandemic (April–May 2020, adolescents 14 years) and approximately 6 months later (November 2020–January 2021). Surveys assessed pandemic-related stressors (health, financial, social, school, environment) and mental health.

Results

Lower pre-pandemic family income-to-needs ratio was associated with higher pre-pandemic maternal mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression) and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, and with experiencing more pandemic-related stressors. Pandemic-related stressors predicted increases in maternal mental health symptoms, but not adolescent symptoms when other variables were covaried. Higher maternal mental health symptoms predicted concurrent increases in adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Maternal mental health mediated the effects of pre-pandemic income and pandemic-related stressors on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems.

Conclusions

Results indicate that adolescent mental health is closely tied to maternal mental health during community-level stressors such as COVID-19, and that pre-existing family economic context and adolescent symptoms increase risk for elevations in symptoms of psychopathology.

%B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 63 %P 1544–1552 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13610 %N 12 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2022 %T Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience %A Ellis, Bruce J. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Belsky, Jay %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X

Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation model – attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based on a history of natural selection, develop- ment operates the way it does across a range of environmental contexts, and how the neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity and learning in response to environmental experiences influence brain development. Building on these frameworks, we advance an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience, focusing on threat-based forms of harshness, deprivation-based forms of harshness, and environ- mental unpredictability. This integrated model makes clear that the why and the how of development are inextricable and, together, essential to understanding which dimensions of the environment matter. Core integrative concepts include the directedness of learning, multiple levels of developmental adaptation to the environment, and tradeoffs between adaptive and maladaptive developmental responses to adversity. The integrated model proposes that proximal and distal cues to threat-based and deprivation-based forms of harshness, as well as unpredictability in those cues, calibrate development to both immediate rearing environments and broader ecological contexts, current and future. We high- light actionable directions for research needed to investigate the integrated model and advance understanding of dimensions of environmental experience.

%B Development and Psychopathology %V 34 %P 447 - 471 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/why-and-how-does-early-adversity-influence-development-toward-an-integrated-model-of-dimensions-of-environmental-experience/A1771EA6FDF68FB59F88D4770ECC431B %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Dynamic alterations in neural networks supporting aversive learning in children exposed to trauma: neural mechanisms underlying psychopathology %A DeCross, Stephanie N. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Tottenham, Nim %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Altered aversive learning represents a potential mechanism through which childhood trauma (CT) might influence risk for psychopathology. This study examines the temporal dynamics of neural activation and patterns of functional connectivity during aversive learning in children with and without exposure to CT involving interpersonal violence and evaluates whether these neural patterns mediate the association of CT with psychopathology in a longitudinal design. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 91 %P 667-675 %G eng %U https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(21)01625-5/fulltext %N 7 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2022 %T Language development as a mechanism linking socioeconomic status to executive functioning development in preschool %A Romeo, Rachel R. %A Flournoy, John C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Lengua, Liliana J. %X Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is related to disparities in the development of both language and executive functioning (EF) skills. Emerging evidence suggests that language development may precede and provide necessary scaffolding for EF development in early childhood. The present preregistered study investigates how these skills co-develop longitudinally in early childhood and whether language development explains the relationship between SES and EF development. A socioeconomically diverse sample of 305 children completed repeated assessments of language (sentence comprehension) and EF (cognitive flexibility, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive inhibition) at four waves spaced 9 months apart from ages 3 to 5 years. Bivariate latent curve models with structured residuals were estimated to disaggregate between-person and within-person components of stability and change. Results revealed bidirectional relationships between language and EF across all waves. However, at 3 years, language comprehension more strongly predicted EF than the reverse; yet by 5 years, the bidirectional effects across domains did not significantly differ. Children from higher-SES backgrounds exhibited higher initial language and EF skills than children from lower-SES families, though SES was not associated with either rate of growth. Finally, early language-mediated the association between SES and early EF skills, and this model outperformed a reverse direction mediation. Together, results suggest that EF development is driven by early language development, and that SES disparities in EF are explained, at least in part, by early differences in language comprehension. These findings have implications for early interventions to support children's language skills as a potential pathway to improving early EF development. %B Developmental Science %P 1 - 12 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.13227 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2022 %T Exposure to Violence as an Environmental Pathway Linking Low Socioeconomic Status with Altered Neural Processing of Threat and Adolescent Psychopathology %A Weissman, David G. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Sambook, Kelly A. %A Lengua, Liliana J. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased risk for psychopathology, because in part of heightened exposure to environmental adversity. Adverse experiences can be characterized along dimensions, including threat and deprivation, that contribute to psychopathology via distinct mechanisms. The current study investigated a neural mechanism through which threat and deprivation may contribute to socioeconomic disparities in psychopathology. Participants were 177 youths (83 girls) aged 10-13 years recruited from a cohort followed since the age of 3 years. SES was assessed using the income-to-needs ratio at the age of 3 years. At the age of 10-13 years, retrospective and current exposure to adverse experiences and symptoms of psychopathology were assessed. At this same time point, participants also completed a face processing task (passive viewing of fearful and neutral faces) during an fMRI scan. Lower childhood SES was associated with greater exposure to threat and deprivation experiences. Both threat and deprivation were associated with higher depression symptoms, whereas threat experiences were uniquely linked to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Greater exposure to threat, but not deprivation, was associated with higher activation in dorsomedial pFC to fearful compared with neutral faces. The dorsomedial pFC is a hub of the default mode network thought to be involved in internally directed attention and cognition. Experiences of threat, but not deprivation, are associated with greater engagement of this region in response to threat cues. Threat-related adversity contributes to socioeconomic disparities in adolescent psychopathology through distinct mechanisms from deprivation. %B Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience %V 34 %P 1892–1905 %G eng %U https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104853/ %N 10 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2022 %T Experience-Driven Plasticity and the Emergence of Psychopathology: A Mechanistic Framework Integrating Development and the Environment into the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Model %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Gabard-Durnam, Laurel J. %X Despite the clear importance of a developmental perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology across the life-course, such a perspective has yet to be integrated into the RDoC model. In this paper, we articulate a framework that incorporates developmentally-specific learning mechanisms that reflect experience-driven plasticity as additional units of analysis in the existing RDoC matrix. These include both experience-expectant learning mechanisms that occur during sensitive periods of development and experience-dependent learning mechanisms that may exhibit substantial variation across development. Incorporating these learning mechanisms allows for clear integration not only of development but also environmental experience into the RDoC model. We demonstrate how individual differences in environmental experiences—such as early-life adversity—can be leveraged to identify experience-driven plasticity patterns across development and apply this framework to consider how environmental experience shapes key biobehavioral processes that comprise the RDoC model. This framework provides a structure for understanding how affective, cognitive, social, and neurobiological processes are shaped by experience across development and ultimately contribute to the emergence of psychopathology. We demonstrate how incorporating an experience-driven plasticity framework is critical for understanding the development of many processes subsumed within the RDoC model, which will contribute to greater understanding of developmental variation in the etiology of psychopathology and can be leveraged to identify potential windows of heightened developmental plasticity when clinical interventions might be maximally efficacious. %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %P 575 - 587 %G eng %U https://psyarxiv.com/nue3d %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2022 %T Smaller Hippocampal Volume Among Black and Latinx Youth Living in High-Stigma Contexts %A ML Hatzenbuehler %A DG Weissman %A S McKetta %A MR Lattanner %A JV Ford %A DM Barch %A KA McLaughlin %X

Objective

To determine whether structural and individual forms of stigma are associated with neurodevelopment in children.

Method

Stigma related to gender, race, and Latinx ethnicity was measured at the structural level using objective state-level indicators of social policies and prejudicial attitudes and at the individual level using self-reports of perceived discrimination. Respective associations of stigma with hippocampal volume and amygdala reactivity to threat were examined using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11,534, mean age 9.9 years), the first multisite neuroimaging study that provided substantial variability in sociopolitical contexts and that included individual-level measures of stigma among youth.

Results

In a preregistered analysis, Black (B = −58.26, p = .023) and Latinx (B = −40.10, p = .044) youths in higher (vs lower) structural stigma contexts were found to have smaller hippocampal volume, controlling for total intracranial volume, demographics, and family socioeconomic status. This association was also observed at a trend-level among girls (p = .082). The magnitude of the difference in hippocampal volume between high and low structural stigma states was equivalent to the predicted impact of a $20,000 difference in annual family income in this sample. As hypothesized, structural stigma was not associated with hippocampal volume in nonstigmatized youths, providing evidence of specificity. Perceived discrimination was unrelated to hippocampal volume in stigmatized groups. No associations between perceived discrimination or structural stigma and amygdala reactivity to threat were observed.

Conclusion

This study provides novel evidence that an objective measure of structural stigma may be more strongly related to hippocampal volume than subjective perceptions of stigma, suggesting that contextual approaches to stigma could yield new insights into neurodevelopment among marginalized youth.

%B Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry %V 61 %P 809 - 819 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.017 %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2021 %T Alterations in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation following child maltreatment: A mechanism underlying trauma-related psychopathology %A Jenness, J.L. %A Peverill, M. %A A.B. Miller %A Heleniak, C. %A Robertson, M.M. %A Sambrook, K.A. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Background: Disruptions in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation (ER) may be a mechanism linking child maltreatment with psychopathology. We examined the associations of maltreatment with neural responses during passive viewing of negative emotional stimuli and attempts to modulate emotional responses. We investigated whether the influence of maltreatment on neural activation during ER differed across development and whether alterations in brain function mediated the association between maltreatment and a latent general psychopathology (‘p’) factor.

Methods: Youth aged 8–16 years with (n = 79) and without (n = 72) exposure to maltreatment completed an ER task assessing neural responses during passive viewing of negative and neutral images and effortful attempts to regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli. P-factor scores were defined by a bi-factor model encompassing internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.

Results: Maltreated youth had greater activation in left amygdala and salience processing regions and reduced activation in multiple regions involved in cognitive control (bilateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) when viewing negative v. neutral images than youth without maltreatment exposure. Reduced neural recruitment in cognitive control regions mediated the association of maltreatment with p-factor in whole-brain analysis. Maltreated youth exhibited increasing recruitment with age in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during reappraisal while control participants exhibited decreasing recruitment with age. Findings were similar after adjusting for co-occurring neglect.

Conclusions: Child maltreatment influences the development of regions associated with salience processing and cognitive control during ER in ways that contribute to psychopathology

%B Psychological Medicine %V 51 %P 1880-1889 %G eng %U https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000641 %N 11 %0 Journal Article %J NeuroImage %D 2021 %T Brain parcellation selection: An overlooked decision point with meaningful effects on individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity. %A Bryce, N. %A Flournoy, J. %A Gaussi - Moreira, J.F. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Sambrook, K.A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Over the past decade extensive research has examined the segregation of the human brain into large-scale functional networks. The resulting network maps, i.e. parcellations, are now commonly used for the a priori identification of functional networks. However, the use of these parcellations, particularly in developmental and clinical samples, hinges on four fundamental assumptions: (1) the various parcellations are equally able to recover the networks of interest; (2) adult-derived parcellations well represent the networks in children's brains; (3) network properties, such as within-network connectivity, are reliably measured across parcellations; and (4) parcellation selection does not impact the results with regard to individual differences in given network properties. In the present study we examined these assumptions using eight common parcellation schemes in two independent developmental samples. We found that the parcellations are equally able to capture networks of interest in both children and adults. However, networks bearing the same name across parcellations (e.g., default network) do not produce reliable within-network measures of functional connectivity. Critically, parcellation selection significantly impacted the magnitude of associations of functional connectivity with age, poverty, and cognitive ability, producing meaningful differences in interpretation of individual differences in functional connectivity based on parcellation choice. Our findings suggest that work employing parcellations may benefit from the use of multiple schemes to confirm the robustness and generalizability of results. Furthermore, researchers looking to gain insight into functional networks may benefit from employing more nuanced network identification approaches such as using densely-sampled data to produce individual-derived network parcellations. A transition towards precision neuroscience will provide new avenues in the characterization of functional brain organization across development and within clinical populations. %B NeuroImage %P 1-15 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118487 %N 243 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Psychiatry %D 2021 %T Differential Patterns of Delayed Emotion Circuit Maturation in Abused Girls With and Without Internalizing Psychopathology %A Keding, T.J. %A Heyn, S.A. %A Russell, J. D. %A X. Zhu %A Cisler, J. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Herringa, R.J. %X

Objective: Childhood abuse represents one of the most potent risk factors for developing psychopathology, espe- cially in females. Evidence suggests that exposure to early-life adversity may be related to advanced maturation of emotion processing neural circuits. However, it remains unknown whether abuse is related to early circuit matura- tion and whether maturation patterns depend on the pres- ence of psychopathology.

Methods: A multisite sample of 234 girls (ages 8–18 years) completed clinical assessment, maltreatment histories, and high-resolution T1-weighted structural MRI. Girls were stratified by abuse history and internalizing disorder diag- nosis into typically developing (no abuse/no diagnosis), resilient (abuse/no diagnosis), and susceptible (abuse/ current diagnosis) groups. Machine learning models of nor- mative brain development were aggregated in a stacked generalization framework trained to predict chronological age using gray matter volume in whole-brain, emotion, and language circuit parcellations. Brain age gap estima- tions (BrainAGEs; predicted age minus true chronological age) were calculated as indices of relative circuit maturation.

Results: Childhood abuse was related to reduced Brain- AGE (delayed maturation) specific to emotion circuits. Delayed emotion circuit BrainAGE was further related to increased hyperarousal symptoms. Childhood physical neglect was associated with increased whole-brain BrainAGE (advanced maturation). Neural contributors to emotion circuit BrainAGE differed in girls with and with- out an internalizing diagnosis, especially in the lateral prefrontal, parietal, and insular cortices and the hippocampus.

Conclusions: Abuse exposure in girls is associated with a delayed structural maturation pattern specific to emotion circuitry, a potentially adaptive mechanism enhancing threat generalization. Physical neglect, on the other hand, is associated with a broader brain-wide pattern of advanced structural maturation. The differential influence of fronto- parietal cortices and the hippocampus on emotion circuit maturity in resilient girls may represent neurodeve- lopmental markers of reduced psychiatric risk following abuse.

%B American Journal of Psychiatry %V 178 %P 1026 - 1036 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081192 %N 11 %0 Journal Article %J Translational Psychiatry %D 2021 %T Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder modulate polygenic predictors of hippocampal and amygdala volume %A Zheng, Yuanhao %A et al. %X The volume of subcortical structures represents a reliable, quantitative, and objective phenotype that captures genetic effects, environmental effects such as trauma, and disease effects such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma and PTSD represent potent exposures that may interact with genetic markers to influence brain structure and function. Genetic variants, associated with subcortical volumes in two large normative discovery samples, were used to compute polygenic scores (PGS) for the volume of seven subcortical structures. These were applied to a target sample enriched for childhood trauma and PTSD. Subcortical volume PGS from the discovery sample were strongly associated in our trauma/PTSD enriched sample (n = 7580) with respective subcortical volumes of the hippocampus (p = 1.10 × 10−20), thalamus (p = 7.46 × 10−10), caudate (p = 1.97 × 10−18), putamen (p = 1.7 × 10−12), and nucleus accumbens (p = 1.99 × 10−7). We found a significant association between the hippocampal volume PGS and hippocampal volume in control subjects from our sample, but was absent in individuals with PTSD (GxE; (beta = −0.10, p = 0.027)). This significant GxE (PGS × PTSD) relationship persisted (p < 1 × 10−19) in four out of five threshold peaks (0.024, 0.133, 0.487, 0.730, and 0.889) used to calculate hippocampal volume PGSs. We detected similar GxE (G × ChildTrauma) relationships in the amygdala for exposure to childhood trauma (rs4702973; p = 2.16 × 10−7) or PTSD (rs10861272; p = 1.78 × 10−6) in the CHST11 gene. The hippocampus and amygdala are pivotal brain structures in mediating PTSD symptomatology. Trauma exposure and PTSD modulate the effect of polygenic markers on hippocampal volume (GxE) and the amygdala volume PGS is associated with PTSD risk, which supports the role of amygdala volume as a risk factor for PTSD. %B Translational Psychiatry %V 11 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01707-x %N 637 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2021 %T Neural mechanisms underlying the income-achievement gap: The role of the ventral visual stream %A ML Rosen %A LA Lurie %A KA Sambrook %A AN Melzoff %A KA McLaughlin %X Children from low-socioeconomic status (SES) households on average exhibit lower academic achievement than their higher-SES peers. We investigated a novel hypothesis that differences in early-developing sensory networks—specifically the ventral visual stream (VVS), which is involved in processing visual stimuli—contribute to SES-related disparities in executive functions (EF) and academic outcomes. We used fMRI to investigate SES-related differences in neural function in children (6–8 years, n = 62) during two attentional tasks involving attention to visual information: cued attention and memory-guided attention. Recruitment of VVS during both tasks was associated with EF and academic achievement, and SES-related differences in VVS activation during cued attention were marginally explained by differences in cognitive stimulation. VVS activation during cued attention mediated SES-related differences in academic achievement. Finally, the link between VVS activation during both tasks and academic achievement was mediated by differences in EF. We extend previous work by highlighting that: (i) early-developing visual processing regions play a role in supporting complex attentional processes, (ii) childhood SES is associated with VVS function, which is explained in part by SES-related differences in cognitive stimulation and (iii) provide preliminary evidence that individual differences in VVS function may play a role in the emergence of the income-achievement gap. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 52 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101025 %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatrics %D 2021 %T Association of Childhood Adversity With Morbidity and Mortality in US Adults: A Systematic Review %A LR Grummitt %A NT Kreski %A SG Kim %A J Platt %A Keyes, K.M. %A KA McLaughlin %X

IMPORTANCE Childhood adversity (CA) is a powerful determinant of long-term physical and mental health that is associated with elevated risk for chronic disease and psychopathology. However, the degree to which CA contributes to mortality as a preventable driver of ill-health and death is unknown.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the contribution of CA to health behaviors, including smoking and sedentary behavior, as well as the annual mortality attributable to CA in the US through influences on leading causes of death (eg, cardiovascular disease).

EVIDENCE REVIEW For this systematic review, the PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases were searched on November 15, 2019. The databases were searched for publications from inception (1806 for PsycINFO, 1946 for MEDLINE) to November 15, 2019. Meta-analyses of the associations between CA and morbidity outcomes were included. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated from these associations along with the estimated US prevalence of CA. The PAF was then applied to the number of annual deaths associated with each cause of death to estimate the number of deaths that are attributable to CA. Additionally, the PAF was applied to the incidence of health behaviors to derive the number of cases attributable to CA. Exposure to 1 or more experiences of adversity before the age of 18 years was analyzed, including abuse, neglect, family violence, and economic adversity.

FINDINGS A total of 19 meta-analyses with 20 654 832 participants were reviewed. Childhood adversity accounted for approximately 439 072 deaths annually in the US, or 15% of the total US mortality in 2019 (2 854 838 deaths), through associations with leading causes of death (including heart disease, cancer, and suicide). In addition, CA was associated with millions of cases of unhealthy behaviors and disease markers, including more than 22 million cases of sexually transmitted infections, 21 million cases of illicit drug use, 19 million cases of elevated inflammation, and more than 10 million cases each of smoking and physical inactivity. The greatest proportion of outcomes attributable to CA were for suicide attempts and sexually transmitted infections, for which adversity accounted for up to 38% and 33%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this systematic review suggest that CA is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in the US and may be considered a preventable determinant of mortality. The prevention of CA and the intervention on pathways that link these e

%B JAMA Pediatrics %V 175 %P 1269-1278 %G eng %U https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2784732?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=jamapediatrics.2021.2320 %N 12 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychological Science %D 2021 %T A Year in the Social Life of a Teenager: Within-Persons Fluctuations in Stress, Phone Communication, and Anxiety and Depression %A Am Rodman %A CMV Bustamante %A MJ Dennison %A JC Flournoy %A DDL Coppersmith %A EC Nook %A Worthington, S. %X Stressful life events (SLEs) are strongly associated with the emergence of adolescent anxiety and depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, especially at the within-persons level. We investigated how adolescent social communication (i.e., frequency of calls and texts) following SLEs relates to changes in internalizing symptoms in a multitimescale, intensive, year-long study (N = 30; n = 355 monthly observations; n ≈ 5,000 experiencesampling observations). Within-persons increases in SLEs were associated with receiving more calls than usual at both the month and moment levels and making more calls at the month level. Increased calls were prospectively associated with worsening internalizing symptoms at the month level only, suggesting that SLEs rapidly influence phone communication patterns, but these communication changes may have a more protracted, cumulative influence on internalizing symptoms. Finally, increased incoming calls prospectively mediated the association between SLEs and anxiety at the month level. We identify adolescent social communication fluctuations as a potential mechanism conferring risk for stress-related internalizing psychopathology %B Clinical Psychological Science %V 9 %P 791–809 %G eng %U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2167702621991804 %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Perspectives on Psychological Science %D 2021 %T The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories %A KA McLaughlin %A MA Sheridan %A KL Humphreys %A J Belsky %A BJ Ellis %X We review the three prevailing approaches—specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models—to conceptualizing the developmental consequences of early-life adversity and address fundamental problems with the characterization of these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith and Pollak. We respond to concerns raised by Smith and Pollak about dimensional models of early experience and highlight the value of these models for studying the developmental consequences of early-life adversity. Basic dimensions of adversity proposed in existing models include threat/harshness, deprivation, and unpredictability. These models identify core dimensions of early experience that cut across the categorical exposures that have been the focus of specificity and cumulative risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects of early experience that are likely to influence brain and behavioral development; afford hypotheses about adaptive and maladaptive responses to different dimensions of adversity; and articulate specific mechanisms through which these dimensions exert their influences, conceptualizing experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, dimensional models advance specific falsifiable hypotheses, grounded in neurodevelopmental and evolutionary principles, that are supported by accumulating evidence and provide fertile ground for empirical studies on early-life adversity. %B Perspectives on Psychological Science %V 16 %P 1463 - 1472 %G eng %U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691621992346 %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Psychobiology %D 2021 %T High vagal tone and rapid extinction learning as potential transdiagnostic protective factors following childhood violence exposure %A ES Susman %A DG Weissman %A MA Sheridan %A KA McLaughlin %X Childhood exposure to violence is strongly associated with psychopathology. High
resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is associated with lower levels of psychopathology in children exposed to violence. High RSA may help to protect against psychopathology by facilitating fear extinction learning, allowing more flexible autonomic responses to learned threat and safety cues. In this study, 165 youth (79 female, aged 9–17; 86 exposed to violence) completed assessments of violence exposure, RSA, and psychopathology, and a fear extinction learning task; 134 participants returned and completed psychopathology assessments 2 years later. Resting RSA moderated the longitudinal association of violence exposure with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and externalizing psychopathology, such that the association was weaker among youths with higher RSA. Higher skin conductance responses (SCR) during extinction learning to the threat cue (CS+) was associated with higher internalizing symptoms at follow-up and greater SCR to the safety cue (CS–) was associated with higher PTSD, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms, as well as the p-factor, controlling for baseline symptoms. Findings suggest that higher RSA may protect against emergence of psychopathology among children exposed to violence. Moreover, difficulty extinguishing learned threat responses and elevated autonomic responses to safety cues may be associated with risk for future psychopathology. %B Developmental Psychobiology %P 1-14 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dev.22176 %0 Journal Article %J The American Psychologist %D 2021 %T Mental health and clinical psychological science in the time of COVID-19: Challenges, opportunities, and a call to action %A J Gruber %A MJ Prinstein %A LA Clark %A J Rottenberg %A JS Abramowitz %A AM Albano %A A Aldao %A JL Borelli %X COVID-19 presents significant social, economic, and medical challenges. Because COVID-19 has already begun to precipitate huge increases in mental health problems, clinical psychological science must assert a leadership role in guiding a national response to this secondary crisis. In this article, COVID-19 is conceptualized as a unique, compounding, multidimensional stressor that will create a vast need for intervention and necessitate new paradigms for mental health service delivery and training. Urgent challenge areas across developmental periods are discussed, followed by a review of psychological symptoms that likely will increase in prevalence and require innovative solutions in both science and practice. Implications for new research directions, clinical approaches, and policy issues are discussed to highlight the opportunities for clinical psychological science to emerge as an updated, contemporary field capable of addressing the burden of mental illness and distress in the wake of COVID-19 and beyond. %B The American Psychologist %V 76 %P 409-426 %G eng %U https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32772538/ %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J PLoS One %D 2021 %T Promoting youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study %A ML Rosen %A Am Rodman %A SW Kasparek %A M Mayes %A MM Freeman %A LJ Lengua %A AN Meltzoff %A KA McLaughlin %X The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced novel stressors into the lives of youth. Identifying factors that protect against the onset of psychopathology in the face of these stressors is critical. We examine a wide range of factors that may protect youth from developing psychopathology during the pandemic. We assessed pandemic-related stressors, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and potential protective factors by combining two longitudinal samples of children and adolescents (N = 224, 7–10 and 13–15 years) assessed prior to the pandemic, during the stay-at-home orders, and six months later. We evaluated how family behaviors during the stay-at-home orders were related to changes in psychopathology during the pandemic, identified factors that moderate the association of pandemic-related stressors with psychopathology, and determined whether associations varied by age. Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology increased substantially during the pandemic. Higher exposure to pandemic-related stressors was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms early in the pandemic and six months later. Having a structured routine, less passive screen time, lower exposure to news media about the pandemic, and to a lesser extent more time in nature and getting adequate sleep were associated with reduced psychopathology. The association between pandemic-related stressors and psychopathology was reduced for youths with limited passive screen time and was absent for children, but not adolescents, with lower news media consumption related to the pandemic. We provide insight into simple, practical steps families can take to promote resilience against mental health problems in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic and protect against psychopathology following pandemic-related stressors. %B PLoS One %V 16 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255294 %N 8 %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatrics %D 2021 %T Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis %A D Johnson %A J Policelli %A Li, M %A A Dharamsi %A Q Hu %A M.A Sheridan %A K.A McLaughlin %A M Wade %X

IMPORTANCE Many studies have demonstrated an association between early-life adversity (ELA) and executive functioning in children and adolescents. However, the aggregate magnitude of this association is unknown in the context of threat and deprivation types of adversity and various executive functioning domains.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that experiences of deprivation are more strongly associated with reduced executive functioning compared with experiences of threat during childhood and adolescence.

DATA SOURCES Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo databases were searched from inception to December 31, 2020. Both forward and reverse snowball citation searches were performed to identify additional articles.

STUDY SELECTION Articles were selected for inclusion if they (1) had a child and/or adolescent sample, (2) included measures of ELA, (3) measured executive functioning, (4) evaluated the association between adversity and executive functioning, (5) were published in a peer-reviewed journal, and (6) were published in the English language. No temporal or geographic limits were set. A 2-reviewer, blinded screening process was conducted.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS PRISMA guidelines were used to guide data extraction and article diagnostics (for heterogeneity, small study bias, and p-hacking). Article quality was assessed, and data extraction was performed by multiple independent observers. A 3-level meta-analytic model with a restricted maximum likelihood method was used. Moderator analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes included measures of the 3 domains of executive functioning: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory.

RESULTS A total of 91 articles were included, representing 82 unique cohorts and 31 188 unique individuals. Deprivation, compared with threat, was associated with significantly lower inhibitory control (F1,90 = 5.69; P = .02) and working memory (F1,54 = 5.78; P = .02). No significant difference was observed for cognitive flexibility (F1,36 = 2.38; P = .12). The pooled effect size of the association of inhibitory control with deprivation was stronger (Hedges g = −0.43; 95% CI, −0.57 to −0.29) compared with threat (Hedges g = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.46 to −0.08). The pooled effect size of the association of working memory with deprivation was stronger (Hedges g = −0.54; 95% CI, −0.75 to −0.33) compared with threat (Hedges g = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Experiences of both threat and deprivation in childhood and adolescence were associated with reduced executive functioning, but the association was stronger for exposure to deprivation. Efforts to address the consequences of ELA for development should consider the associations between specific dimensions of adversity and specific developmental outcomes.

%B JAMA Pediatrics %V 175 %P 1-10 %G eng %U https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511?utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamapediatrics.2021.2511 %N 11 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychological Science %D 2021 %T Low emotional awareness as a transdiagnostic mechanism underlying psychopathology in adolescence. %A D.G. Weissman %A E.C. Nook %A A. A. Dews %A A.B. Miller %A H.K. Lambert %A S.F. Sasse %A Somerville, L. H. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X The ability to identify and label one’s emotions is associated with effective emotion regulation, rendering emotional awareness important for mental health. We evaluated how emotional awareness was related to psychopathology and whether low emotional awareness was a transdiagnostic mechanism explaining the increase in psychopathology during the transition to adolescence and as a function of childhood trauma—specifically, violence exposure. In Study 1, children and adolescents (N = 120, age range = 7–19 years) reported on emotional awareness and psychopathology. Emotional awareness was negatively associated with psychopathology (p-factor) and worsened across age in females but not males. In Study 2 (N = 262, age range = 8–16 years), we replicated these findings and demonstrated longitudinally that low emotional awareness mediated increases in p-factor as a function of age in females and violence exposure. These findings indicate that low emotional awareness may be a transdiagnostic mechanism linking adolescent development, sex, and trauma with the emergence of psychopathology. %B Clinical Psychological Science %V 8 %P 971-988 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620923649 %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science %D 2021 %T Contributions of emotion regulation and brain structure and function to adolescent internalizing problems and stress vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study %A Weissman, David %A Am Rodman %A ML Rosen %A SW Kasparek %A M Mayes %A M Sheridan %A L Lengua %A AN Meltzoff %A KA McLaughlin %X

Background:

Adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability for internalizing problems,

particularly following exposure to stressful life events. We examine how patterns of emotion regulation and brain structure and function predict internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as moderate the association between pandemic-related stressors andvinternalizing problems.

Methods:

Data are from a longitudinal sample (N=145, aged 10-15) strategically assessed at three crucial timepoints: prior to the pandemic, early during the stay-at-home order period, and again six months later. We examined associations of neural structure and function during an emotional processing task prior to the pandemic, use of emotion regulation strategies prior to and during the pandemic, and pandemic-related stressors with internalizing problems.

Results:

Greater exposure to pandemic-related stressors was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms both early (ß = .437, p<.001) and later (ß = .225, p = .004) in the pandemic. Youth who reported more frequent use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, including rumination (ß = .204,p = .026) and expressive suppression (ß = .177, p = .023), also had higherinternalizing problems. Higher left amygdala activation to neutral relative to fearful faces prior tothe pandemic was associated with greater internalizing symptoms (ß =-.229, p = .007), and astrongerrelation between pandemic-related stressors and internalizing problems (ß = -.186, p = .014).

Conclusion:

Pandemic-related stressors are strongly associated with internalizing problems in adolescents, and individual differences in emotional reactivity and regulation and their underlying neural mechanisms contribute to stress-related vulnerability. Interventions that reduce pandemic-related stressors and foster adaptive emotion regulation skills may protect against adolescent psychopathology during this period of heightened exposure to stress.

%B Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science %V 1 %P 272 - 282 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.001 %N 4 %0 Journal Article %J Cerebral Cortex %D 2021 %T Characterizing the Network Architecture of Emotion Regulation Neurodevelopment %A Guassi Moreira, João F %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %A Silvers, Jennifer A %X The ability to regulate emotions is key to goal attainment and well-being. Although much has been discovered about neurodevelopment and the acquisition of emotion regulation, very little of this work has leveraged information encoded in whole-brain networks. Here we employed a network neuroscience framework to parse the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation skill acquisition, while accounting for age, in a sample of children and adolescents (N = 70, 34 female, aged 8–17 years). Focusing on three key network metrics—network differentiation, modularity, and community number differences between active regulation and a passive emotional baseline—we found that the control network, the default mode network, and limbic network were each related to emotion regulation ability while controlling for age. Greater network differentiation in the control and limbic networks was related to better emotion regulation ability. With regards to network community structure (modularity and community number), more communities and more crosstalk between modules (i.e., less modularity) in the control network were associated with better regulatory ability. By contrast, less crosstalk (i.e., greater modularity) between modules in the default mode network was associated with better regulatory ability. Together, these findings highlight whole-brain connectome features that support the acquisition of emotion regulation in youth. %B Cerebral Cortex %V 31 %P 4140-4150 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab074 %N 9 %R 10.1093/cercor/bhab074 %0 Journal Article %J Child Development %D 2021 %T Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children %A Cuartas, Jorge %A Weissman, David G. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Lengua, Liliana %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Spanking remains common around the world, despite evidence linking corporal punishment to detrimental child outcomes. This study tested whether children (Mage = 11.60) who were spanked (N = 40) exhibited altered neural function in response to stimuli that suggest the presence of an environmental threat compared to children who were not spanked (N = 107). Children who were spanked exhibited greater activation in multiple regions of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial PFC, bilateral frontal pole, and left middle frontal gyrus in response to fearful relative to neutral faces compared to children who were not spanked. These findings suggest that spanking may alter neural responses to environmental threats in a manner similar to more severe forms of maltreatment. %B Child Development %V 92 %P 821–832 %G eng %U https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13565 %N 3 %R https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13565 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Adolescence %D 2021 %T Executive Function as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status to Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents %A McNeilly, Elizabeth A. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Jung, Jiwon %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X

Introduction

The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and increased risk for psychopathology is well established, but the mechanisms explaining this relationship are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the potential role of difficulties in executive functioning (EF) as a mechanism linking childhood and adolescent SES with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.

Methods

We examined whether difficulties with EF mediated the association between SES and externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in two cross-sectional samples of children and adolescents (Study 1: N = 94, ages 6–18, 51.1% male; Study 2: N = 259, ages 8–16, 54.1% male) from diverse SES backgrounds in the United States. EF was measured through behavioral tasks and parent-reported behavioral regulation (BR).

Results

In both samples, children and adolescents from lower SES families were more likely to experience both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology than youth from more advantaged backgrounds and exhibited greater EF difficulties – they had lower performance on a task measuring inhibitory control and lower parent-rated BR. Reduced inhibitory control and BR, in turn, were associated with higher externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 1, difficulties with BR mediated the association of low-SES with both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 2, low inhibitory control mediated the association between low-SES and externalizing psychopathology. These findings largely persisted after adjusting for exposure to violence, a form of adversity that is common in children from low-SES backgrounds.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that reduced EF may be an underlying mechanism through which low-SES confers risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents.

%B Journal of Adolescence %V 89 %P 149-160 %G eng %U https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197121000592 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2021 %T Identifying intervention strategies for preventing the mental health consequences of childhood adversity: A modified Delphi study %A Rith-Najarian, Leslie R. %A Triplett, Noah R. %A Weisz, John R. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Exposure to childhood adversity is a powerful risk factor for psychopathology. Despite extensive efforts, we have not yet identified effective or scalable interventions that prevent the emergence of mental health problems in children who have experienced adversity. In this modified Delphi study, we identified intervention strategies for effectively targeting both the neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking childhood adversity and psychopathology – including heightened emotional reactivity, difficulties with emotion regulation, blunted reward processing, and social information processing biases, as well as a range of psychopathology symptoms. We iteratively synthesized information from experts in the field and relevant meta-analyses through three surveys, first with experts in intervention development, prevention, and childhood adversity (n = 32), and then within our study team (n = 8). The results produced increasing stability and good consensus on intervention strategy recommendations for specific neurodevelopmental mechanisms and symptom presentations and on strength of evidence ratings of intervention strategies targeting youth and parents. More broadly, our findings highlight how intervention decision making can be informed by meta-analyses, enhanced by aggregate group feedback, saturated before consensus, and persistently subjective or even contradictory. Ultimately, the results converged on several promising intervention strategies for prevention programming with adversity-exposed youth, which will be tested in an upcoming clinical trial. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 33 %P 748-765 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/identifying-intervention-strategies-for-preventing-the-mental-health-consequences-of-childhood-adversity-a-modified-delphi-study/1AFE58C0654E5351830F4B4CFFB0B8E0#article %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychological Science %D 2021 %T A Year in the Social Life of a Teenager: Within-Persons Fluctuations in Stress, Phone Communication, and Anxiety and Depression %A Rodman, Alexandra M. %A Bustamante, Constanza M. Vidal %A Dennison, Meg J. %A Flournoy, John C. %A Steven Worthington %A Mair, Patrick %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Stressful life events (SLEs) are strongly associated with the emergence of adolescent anxiety and depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, especially at the within-persons level. We investigated how adolescent social communication (i.e., frequency of calls and texts) following SLEs relates to changes in internalizing symptoms in a multitimescale, intensive, year-long study (N = 30; n = 355 monthly observations; n ≈ 5,000 experience-sampling observations). Within-persons increases in SLEs were associated with receiving more calls than usual at both the month and moment levels and making more calls at the month level. Increased calls were prospectively associated with worsening internalizing symptoms at the month level only, suggesting that SLEs rapidly influence phone communication patterns, but these communication changes may have a more protracted, cumulative influence on internalizing symptoms. Finally, increased incoming calls prospectively mediated the association between SLEs and anxiety at the month level. We identify adolescent social communication fluctuations as a potential mechanism conferring risk for stress-related internalizing psychopathology. %B Clinical Psychological Science %V 9 %P 791-809 %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1177/2167702621991804 %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Development %D 2021 %T Mechanisms linking socioeconomic status and academic achievement in early childhood: Cognitive stimulation and language %A Lurie, Lucy A. %A Hagen, McKenzie P. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A Rosen, Maya L. %K Cognitive development %K Home environment %K Language Development %K Longitudinal Studies %K SES-achievement gap %K Societal inequities %X There is a strong positive association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and academic achievement. This disparity may, in part, be explained by differences in early environmental experiences and language development. Cognitive stimulation—including language exposure, access to learning materials, caregiver involvement in children’s learning, and variety of experiences—varies by SES and may link SES to language development. Childhood language development in turn is associated with academic achievement. In the current longitudinal study of 101 children (60–75 months), SES was positively associated with cognitive stimulation and performance on language measures. Cognitive stimulation mediated the association between SES and children’s language. Furthermore, children’s language mediated the association between SES and academic achievement 18 months later. In addition to addressing broader inequalities in access to resources that facilitate caregivers’ abilities to provide cognitive stimulation, cognitive stimulation itself could be targeted in future interventions to mitigate SES-related disparities in language and academic achievement. %B Cognitive Development %V 58 %G eng %U https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088520142100040X %R 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101045 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %D 2021 %T Distress Tolerance as a Mechanism Linking Violence Exposure to Problematic Alcohol use in Adolescence %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A Bolden, China %A McCabe, Connor %A Lambert, Hilary %A Rosen, Maya %A King, Kevin %A Monahan, Kathryn %A Mclaughlin, Katie %X Adolescents exposed to violence are at elevated risk of developing most forms of psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Prior research has identified emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation as core mechanisms linking violence exposure with psychopathology. Scant research has examined behavioral responses to distress as a mechanism in this association. This study examined the association of violence exposure with distress tolerance—the ability to persist in the face of distress—and whether lower distress tolerance linked violence exposure with subsequent increases in depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse problems during adolescence. Data were collected prospectively in a sample of 287 adolescents aged 16–17 (44.3% male; 40.8% White). At Time 1, participants provided self-report of demographics, violence exposure, and psychopathology, and completed a behavioral measure of distress tolerance, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. Four months later, participants (n = 237) repeated the psychopathology assessments. Violence exposure was associated with lower distress tolerance (β = -.21 p = .009), and elevated concurrent psychopathology (β = .16-.45, p = .001-.004). Low distress tolerance was prospectively associated with greater likelihood of abusing alcohol over time (OR = .63, p = .021), and mediated the association between violence exposure and greater levels (β = .02, 95% CI [.001, .063]) and likelihood (OR = .03, 95% CI [.006, .065]) of alcohol use over time. In contrast, low distress tolerance was not associated concurrently or prospectively with internalizing symptoms. Results persisted after controlling for socio-economic status. Findings suggest that distress tolerance is shaped by early experiences of threat and plays a role in the association between violence exposure and development of problematic alcohol use in adolescence. %B Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %V 49 %P 1211-1225 %G eng %U https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10802-021-00805-0#article-info %N 9 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychological Science %D 2021 %T High Emotion Differentiation Buffers Against Internalizing Symptoms Following Exposure to Stressful Life Events in Adolescence: An Intensive Longitudinal Study %A Nook, Erik C. %A Flournoy, John C. %A Rodman, Alexandra M. %A Mair, Patrick %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescence %K emotion differentiation %K internalizing psychopathology %K open data %K open materials %K STRESS %X Exposure to stressful life events is strongly associated with internalizing psychopathology, and identifying factors that reduce vulnerability to stress-related internalizing problems is critical for development of early interventions. Drawing on research from affective science, we tested whether high emotion differentiation—the ability to specifically identify one’s feelings—buffers adolescents from developing internalizing symptoms when exposed to stress. Thirty adolescents completed a laboratory measure of emotion differentiation before an intensive yearlong longitudinal study in which exposure to stress and internalizing problems were assessed at both the moment level (n = 4,921 experience-sampling assessments) and month level (n = 355 monthly assessments). High negative and positive emotion differentiation attenuated moment-level coupling between perceived stress and feelings of depression, and high negative emotion differentiation eliminated month-level associations between stressful life events and anxiety symptoms. These results suggest that high emotion differentiation buffers adolescents against anxiety and depression in the face of stress, perhaps by facilitating adaptive emotion regulation. %B Clinical Psychological Science %V 9 %P 699-718 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620979786 %N 4 %R 10.1177/2167702620979786 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %D 2021 %T Developmental Variation in the Associations of Attention Bias to Emotion with Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Bitrán, Debbie %A Blossom, Jennifer B. %A Nook, Erik C. %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Somerville, Leah H. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Attention biases to emotion are associated with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. It is unknown whether attention biases to emotion and their associations with different symptoms of psychopathology vary across development from early childhood through young adulthood. We examine this age-related variation in the current study. Participants (N = 190; ages: 4–25) completed survey-based psychopathology symptom measures and a dot-probe task to assess attention bias to happy, sad, and angry relative to neutral faces. We tested whether linear or non-linear (e.g., spline-based models) associations best characterized age-related variation in attention to emotion. We additionally examined whether attention biases were associated with depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms and whether these associations varied by age. No age-related differences in attention biases were found for any of the emotional faces. Attention biases were associated with psychopathology symptoms, but only when examining moderation by age. Biased attention to angry faces was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults, but not children. Similarly, biased attention to happy faces was associated with externalizing symptoms in adolescents and young adults, but not in children. In contrast, biased attention to happy faces was associated with greater anxiety symptoms in children, but not in adolescents or young adults. Biased attention toward social threat and reward becomes more strongly coupled with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively, during the transition to adolescence. These findings could inform when interventions such as attention bias modification training may be most effective. %B Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology %V 49 %P 711-726 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00751-3 %R 10.1007/s10802-020-00751-3 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Epidemiology %D 2021 %T Is the US Gender Gap in Depression Changing Over Time? A Meta-Regression %A Platt, Jonathan M %A Bates, Lisa %A Jager, Justin %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %A Keyes, Katherine M %X The depression gap refers to higher rates of depression among women than men. Change in the depression gap over time may elucidate social causes of this disparity—such as unequal college attendance or employment status. We conducted a meta-regression analysis to estimate variation in the depression gap over time by age, accounting for potential sources of variation between studies. Electronic databases and bibliographies were searched for English language studies from January 1980–October 2019. 144 independent estimates from United States-representative samples met selection criteria (n=813,189). The depression gap was summarized as prevalence ratios (PR) among studies using diagnostic instruments, and standardized mean differences among symptom-based studies. Primary study measures were baseline study year (range: 1982-2017), and age (range: 10-60+). Compared with respondents ages 60+, depression prevalence was greater among respondents aged 10-19 (PR=1.26; 95% CI=1.02, 1.56). Over time, the depression gap did not change among adults, but increased among adolescents (age by time interaction PR=1.05; 95% CI=1.01, 1.08). Results were similar for symptom-based studies. The present study finds no evidence of a change in the depression gender gap for US adults, however, the gap increased among adolescents. Greater attention to factors driving this widening disparity in adolescent depression is needed. %B American Journal of Epidemiology %V 190 %P 1190-1206 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab002 %N 7 %R 10.1093/aje/kwab002 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Youth and Adolescence %D 2021 %T Social Support and Internalizing Psychopathology in Transgender Youth %A Durwood, Lily %A Eisner, Léïla %A Fladeboe, Kaitlyn %A Ji, Chonghui (Gabriella) %A Barney, Samantha %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Olson, Kristina R. %X Although increasing numbers of children have socially transitioned to live in line with their gender identities, little is known about factors associated with their wellbeing. This study examines the associations between parent-reported family, peer, and school support for a youth’s gender identity, as well as an objective measure of state-level support, with parent-reported internalizing symptoms in 265 transgender youth (67.2% transgender girls, 32.8% transgender boys), ages 3–15 years (M = 9.41, SD = 2.62). Parents who reported higher levels of family, peer, and school support for their child’s gender identity also reported fewer internalizing symptoms; the objective measure of state-level support was not related to internalizing symptoms. Additionally, peer and school support buffered against the association between gender-related victimization and internalizing symptoms, as reported by parents. This work demonstrates that even among transgender youth with families who supported their transitions, parents see better well-being in their children when they also see more support for the child’s gender identity from family, peers, and schools. %B Journal of Youth and Adolescence %V 50 %P 841-854 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01391-y %R 10.1007/s10964-020-01391-y %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychology Review %D 2021 %T Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies %A Peverill, Matthew %A Dirks, Melanie A. %A Narvaja, Tomás %A Herts, Kate L. %A Comer, Jonathan S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescence %K childhood %K Population health %K psychopathology %K Socioeconomic status %X Children raised in families with low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to exhibit symptoms of psychopathology. However, the strength of this association, the specific indices of SES most strongly associated with childhood psychopathology, and factors moderating the association are strikingly inconsistent across studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of 120 estimates of the association between family SES and child psychopathology in 13 population-representative cohorts of children studied in the US since 1980. Among 26,715 participants aged 3–19 years, we observed small to moderate associations of low family income (g = 0.19), low Hollingshead index (g = 0.21), low subjective SES (g = 0.24), low parental education (g = 0.25), poverty status (g = 0.25), and receipt of public assistance (g = 0.32) with higher levels of childhood psychopathology. Moderator testing revealed that receipt of public assistance showed an especially strong association with psychopathology and that SES was more strongly related to externalizing than internalizing psychopathology. Dispersion in our final, random effects, model suggested that the relation between SES and child psychopathology is likely to vary in different populations of children and in different communities. These findings highlight the need for additional research on the mechanisms of SES-related psychopathology risk in children in order to identify targets for potential intervention. %B Clinical Psychology Review %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735820301215 %R 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101933 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2021 %T Heightened sensitivity to the caregiving environment during adolescence: implications for recovery following early-life adversity %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Humphreys, Kathryn L. %A Mark Wade %A Tibu, Florin %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X

Background: Adolescence has been proposed to be a period of heightened sensitivity to environmental influence. If true, adolescence may present a window of opportunity for recovery for children exposed to early-life adversity. Recent evidence supports adolescent recalibration of stress response systems following early-life adversity. However, it is unknown whether similar recovery occurs in other domains of functioning in adolescence. Methods: We use data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project – a randomized controlled trial of foster care for children raised in psychosocially depriving institutions – to examine the associations of the caregiving environment with reward processing, executive functioning, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology at ages 8, 12, and 16 years, and evaluate whether these associations change across development. Results: Higher quality caregiving in adolescence was associated with greater reward responsivity and lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, after covarying for the early-life caregiving environment. The associations of caregiving with executive function and internalizing and externalizing symptoms varied by age and were strongest at age 16 relative to ages 8 and 12 years. This heightened sensitivity to caregiving in adolescence was observed in both children with and without exposure to early psychosocial neglect. Conclusions: Adolescence may be a period of heightened sensitivity to the caregiving environment, at least for some domains of functioning. For children who experience early psychosocial deprivation, this developmental period may be a window of opportunity for recovery of some functions. Albeit correlational, these findings suggest that it may be possible to reverse or remediate some of the lasting effects of early-life adversity with interventions that target caregiving during adolescence. Keywords: Institutionalization; reward; executive function; psychopathology; adolescence.

%B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 62 %P 937-948 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13347 %N 8 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2021 %T Voluntary pursuit of negatively valenced stimuli from childhood to early adulthood %A Grisanzio, Katherine A. %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Nook, Erik C. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Somerville, Leah H. %K adolescence %K childhood %K development %K emotion %K exploration %K valence %X Although common sense suggests that we are motivated to pursue positive and avoid negative experiences, previous research shows that people regularly seek out negative experiences. In the current study, we characterized this tendency from childhood to young adulthood. Due to the known increases in risky behavior and sensation seeking in adolescence, we hypothesized that adolescents would show an increased engagement with negatively valenced stimuli compared to children and adults. Participants aged 4–25 (N = 192) completed a behavioral task assessing motivation to engage with negative, positive, and neutral images. On each trial, participants viewed two small images and selected one to view at a larger size for up to 10s. Trials were organized into three valence conditions: negative versus positive images (matched on arousal), negative versus neutral images, and positive versus neutral images. Although participants chose positive images more than neutral or negative images, participants selected negative images frequently, even when given a positive (28% of trials) or neutral (42% of trials) alternative. Contrary to expectations, the tendency to choose negative images was highest in early childhood and decreased linearly with increasing age, and the tendency to choose positive images increased linearly with age. These results provide insight into how motivation to engage with emotional stimuli varies across age. It is possible that the novelty and rarity of negative experiences drives children to pursue these stimuli. Alternatively, children may find negative images less aversive, which would caution against assuming that these stimuli elicit the same motivational states in individuals of all ages. %B Developmental Science %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.13012 %R 10.1111/desc.13012 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2021 %T Deprivation and psychopathology in the Fragile Families Study: A 15-year longitudinal investigation %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Machlin, Laura %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adversity %K DEPRIVATION %K externalizing psychopathology %K internalizing psychopathology %K Language %K Threat %X Background Early adversity consistently predicts youth psychopathology. However, the pathways linking unique dimensions of early adversity, such as deprivation, to psychopathology are understudied. Here, we evaluate a theoretical model linking early deprivation exposure with psychopathology prospectively through language ability. Methods Participants included 2,301 youth (47.5% female) enrolled in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. We include data from assessment points at ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15. Latent factors for deprivation and threat were modeled from multiple indicators at ages 1 and 3. Youth language ability was assessed at Age 5. Indicators of psychopathology were assessed at ages 5, 9, and 15. A structural equation model tested longitudinal paths to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology from experiences of deprivation and threat. Results Deprivation from birth to Age 3 was associated with an indirect effect on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early childhood (Age 5), later childhood (Age 9), and adolescence (Age 15) via language ability in early childhood (Age 5). Early threat exposure was associated with increased internalizing and externalizing psychopathology across all ages. There was no significant indirect effect from threat to psychopathology via language ability. Conclusions The effects of deprivation on psychopathology during early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence are explained, in part, through early childhood language ability. Results provide insight into language ability as a possible opportunity for intervention. %B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 62 %P 382-391 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcpp.13260 %N 4 %R 10.1111/jcpp.13260 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2021 %T Alterations in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation following child maltreatment: a mechanism underlying trauma-related psychopathology %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A Robertson, Madeline M. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K child maltreatment %K cognitive control network %K Emotion regulation %K fMRI %K P-factor %K salience network %X BACKGROUND: Disruptions in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation (ER) may be a mechanism linking child maltreatment with psychopathology. We examined the associations of maltreatment with neural responses during passive viewing of negative emotional stimuli and attempts to modulate emotional responses. We investigated whether the influence of maltreatment on neural activation during ER differed across development and whether alterations in brain function mediated the association between maltreatment and a latent general psychopathology ('p') factor. METHODS: Youth aged 8-16 years with (n = 79) and without (n = 72) exposure to maltreatment completed an ER task assessing neural responses during passive viewing of negative and neutral images and effortful attempts to regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli. P-factor scores were defined by a bi-factor model encompassing internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. RESULTS: Maltreated youth had greater activation in left amygdala and salience processing regions and reduced activation in multiple regions involved in cognitive control (bilateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) when viewing negative v. neutral images than youth without maltreatment exposure. Reduced neural recruitment in cognitive control regions mediated the association of maltreatment with p-factor in whole-brain analysis. Maltreated youth exhibited increasing recruitment with age in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during reappraisal while control participants exhibited decreasing recruitment with age. Findings were similar after adjusting for co-occurring neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Child maltreatment influences the development of regions associated with salience processing and cognitive control during ER in ways that contribute to psychopathology. %B Psychological Medicine %V 51 %P 1880 - 1889 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720000641 %N 11 %R 10.1017/S0033291720000641 %0 Journal Article %J The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health %D 2020 %T Early life stress and psychopathology. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Exposure to chronic or severe stressful life events during childhood and adolescence—frequently referred to as early life stress (ELS) or childhood adversity—has powerful andlasting associations with psychopathology across the life course. This chapter reviews thegrowing body of research on ELS and psychopathology across the life course, with aparticular focus on the mechanisms that explain the strong associations between ELS andpsychopathology. To address these questions, I review evidence on the links between ELSand psychopathology and highlight divergent conceptual models of ELS that advocatedifferent approaches to uncovering these mechanisms. I end by addressing differentapproaches to the measurement and analysis of ELS that have emerged from theseconceptual frameworks. %B The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health %P 45-74 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2020 %T Brain structure mediates the association between socioeconomic status and ADHD. %A Machlin, L. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Sheridan, M. A. %X Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with greater risk for symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One mechanism through which SES may confer risk for ADHD is by influencing brain structure. Alterations to cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume have been associated with low SES and with the presence of ADHD across multiple studies. The current study examined whether cortical thickness, surface area or subcortical volume mediate the associations between SES and ADHD in youth 3–21 years old (N = 874) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study. Freesurfer was used to estimate cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Parents reported on demographics, family SES, ADHD diagnoses and the presence of child attention problems. Statistical mediation was assessed using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Controlling for parental ADHD, child age, gender, birth weight and scanner, children in low SES families were more likely to be in the ADHD group. Consistent with previous reports in this sample, low SES was associated with reduced surface area across the frontal lobe and reduced subcortical volume in the amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus and basal ganglia. Of these regions, a significant indirect effect of SES on ADHD status through subcortical volume was observed for the left cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.004, 0.022), the right cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.006, 0.025), and the right caudate (95% confidence interval: 0.002, 0.022). Environmentally mediated changes in the cerebellum and the caudate may be neurodevelopmental mechanisms explaining elevated risk of ADHD in children in low SES families. %B Developmental Science %V 23 %P 1-11 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12844 %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2020 %T Within-person fluctuations in stressful life events, sleep, and anxiety and depression symptoms during adolescence: A multi-wave prospective study %A Vidal Bustamente, C.M. %A Rodman, A.M. %A Dennison, M.J. %A Fluornoy, J.C. %A Mair, P. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Background

Adolescence is characterized by substantial changes in sleep behavior, heightened exposure to stressful life events (SLEs), and elevated risk for internalizing problems like anxiety and depression. Although SLEs are consistently associated with the onset of internalizing psychopathology, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood, especially at the within-person level. Here, we leverage a high-frequency longitudinal design to examine sleep as a potential mechanism linking SLEs to increases in anxiety and depression symptoms over a one-year period.

Methods

Thirty female adolescents aged 15–17 years completed 12 monthly in-laboratory assessments of exposure to SLEs and symptoms of anxiety and depression (n = 355 monthly assessments), and wore an actigraphy wristband for continuous monitoring of sleep for the duration of the study (n = 6,824 sleep days). Multilevel models examined concurrent and lagged within-person associations between SLEs, sleep duration and timing regularity, and anxiety and depression symptoms.

Results

Within-person fluctuations in SLEs were associated with variability in sleep duration both concurrently and prospectively, such that when adolescents experienced greater SLEs than was typical for them, they exhibited more variable sleep duration that same month as well as the following month. In turn, within-person increases in sleep duration variability predicted greater anxiety symptoms in the same month and mediated the association between SLEs and anxiety.

Conclusions

These findings highlight sleep disruptions as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal associations between SLEs and anxiety symptoms, and suggest that interventions promoting sleep schedule consistency may help mitigate risk for stress-related psychopathology in adolescence.

%B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 61 %P 1116-1125 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13234 %N 10 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2020 %T Network structure reveals clusters of associations between childhood adversities and development outcomes. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A Shi, F. %A A.B. Miller %A Sahali, C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Exposure to childhood adversity is common and associated with a host of negative developmental outcomes. The most common approach used to examine the consequences of adversity exposure is a cumulative risk model. Recently, we have proposed a novel approach, the dimensional model of adversity and psychopathology (DMAP), where different dimensions of adversity are hypothesized to impact health and well-being through different pathways. We expect deprivation to primarily disrupt cognitive processing, whereas we expect threat to primarily alter emotional reactivity and automatic regulation. Recent hypothesis-driven approaches provide support for these differential associations of deprivation and threat on developmental outcomes. However, it is not clear whether these patterns would emerge using data-driven approaches. Here we use a network analytic approach to identify clusters of related adversity exposures and outcomes in an initial study (Study 1: N = 277 adolescents aged 16–17 years; 55.1% female) and a replication (Study 2: N = 262 children aged 8–16 years; 45.4% female). We statistically compare our observed clusters with our hypothesized DMAP model and a clustering we hypothesize would be the result of a cumulative stress model. In both samples we observed a network structure consistent with the DMAP model and statistically different than the hypothesized cumulative stress model. Future work seeking to identify in the pathways through which adversity impacts development should consider multiple dimensions of adversity. %B Developmental Science %V 23 %P 12934-12950 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12934 %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2020 %T Environmental determinants of physiological reactivity to stress: The interacting effects of early life deprivation, caregiving quality, and stressful life events %A Mark Wade %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Child %K developmental psychobiology %K Foster Home Care %K HPA-axis %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System %K institutional rearing %K Institutionalized %K Neglect %K Pituitary-Adrenal System %K Psychological %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K STRESS %K Stress reactivity %K Sympathetic Nervous System %X Children who spend their early lives in institutions experience profound psychosocial deprivation that is associated with altered stress response system development. Here, we used data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of foster care for institutionally reared children to examine whether caregiving quality and stressful life events (SLEs) in early adolescence (age 12) influence patterns of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reactivity. Controlling for the effect of institutional care, higher caregiving quality at age 12 was associated with heightened cortisol and SNS reactivity. However, moderation analysis revealed that the latter effect was only observed among never-institutionalized children, whereas ever-institutionalized children demonstrated a persistently blunted SNS response regardless of recent caregiving quality. Among institutionally reared children, SLEs interacted with prior random assignment to foster care, such that those placed in foster care early in development had a SNS response that approximated never-institutionalized children when SLEs at age 12 were low. In contrast, SNS reactivity was persistently blunted among those with prolonged deprivation, regardless of recent SLEs. Early-life deprivation is associated with persistent blunting of stress response systems, but normalization may be achievable if SLEs are limited following placement into enriched family-based care. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 32 %P 1732–1742 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1017/S0954579420001327 %0 Journal Article %J BMJ (Clinical research ed.) %D 2020 %T Epidemiological and treatment research on trauma-related psychopathology in children pinpoints barriers to clinical implementation. %A Danese, Andrea %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Samara, Muthanna %A Stover, Carla S. %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mass Screening %K Neurodevelopmental Disorders %K Post-Traumatic %K Psychological %K psychopathology %K STRESS %K Stress Disorders %B BMJ (Clinical research ed.) %V 371 %P m3073 %G eng %R 10.1136/bmj.m3073 %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Psychiatry %D 2020 %T Cortical volume abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: an ENIGMA-psychiatric genomics consortium PTSD workgroup mega-analysis %A Wang, Xin %A Xie, Hong %A Chen, Tian %A Cotton, Andrew S. %A Salminen, Lauren E. %A Logue, Mark W. %A Clarke-Rubright, Emily K. %A Wall, John %A Dennis, Emily L. %A O’Leary, Brian M. %A Abdallah, Chadi G. %A Andrew, Elpiniki %A Baugh, Lee A. %A Bomyea, Jessica %A Bruce, Steven E. %A Bryant, Richard %A Choi, Kyle %A Daniels, Judith K. %A Davenport, Nicholas D. %A Richard J. Davidson %A DeBellis, Michael %A deRoon-Cassini, Terri %A Disner, Seth G. %A Fani, Negar %A Fercho, Kelene A. %A Fitzgerald, Jacklynn %A Forster, Gina L. %A Frijling, Jessie L. %A Geuze, Elbert %A Gomaa, Hassaan %A Gordon, Evan M. %A Grupe, Dan %A Harpaz-Rotem, Ilan %A Haswell, Courtney C. %A Herzog, Julia I. %A Hofmann, David %A Hollifield, Michael %A Hosseini, Bobak %A Hudson, Anna R. %A Ipser, Jonathan %A Jahanshad, Neda %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Kaufman, Milissa L. %A King, Anthony P. %A Koch, Saskia B. J. %A Koerte, Inga K. %A Korgaonkar, Mayuresh S. %A Krystal, John H. %A Larson, Christine %A Lebois, Lauren A. M. %A Levy, Ifat %A Li, Gen %A Magnotta, Vincent A. %A Manthey, Antje %A May, Geoffrey %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Mueller, Sven C. %A Nawijn, Laura %A Nelson, Steven M. %A Neria, Yuval %A Nitschke, Jack B. %A Olff, Miranda %A Olson, Elizabeth A. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Luan Phan, K. %A Rashid, Faisal M. %A Ressler, Kerry %A Rosso, Isabelle M. %A Sambrook, Kelly %A Schmahl, Christian %A Shenton, Martha E. %A Sierk, Anika %A Simons, Jeffrey S. %A Simons, Raluca M. %A Sponheim, Scott R. %A Murray B. Stein %A Stein, Dan J. %A Stevens, Jennifer S. %A Straube, Thomas %A Suarez-Jimenez, Benjamin %A Tamburrino, Marijo %A Thomopoulos, Sophia I. %A van der Wee, Nic J. A. %A van der Werff, Steven J. A. %A van Erp, Theo G. M. %A van Rooij, Sanne J. H. %A van Zuiden, Mirjam %A Varkevisser, Tim %A Veltman, Dick J. %A Vermeiren, Robert R. J. M. %A Walter, Henrik %A Wang, Li %A Zhu, Y. E. %A Zhu, Xi %A Paul M. Thompson %A Morey, Rajendra A. %A Liberzon, Israel %X Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report volume abnormalities in multiple regions of the cerebral cortex. However, findings for many regions, particularly regions outside commonly studied emotion-related prefrontal, insular, and limbic regions, are inconsistent and tentative. Also, few studies address the possibility that PTSD abnormalities may be confounded by comorbid depression. A mega-analysis investigating all cortical regions in a large sample of PTSD and control subjects can potentially provide new insight into these issues. Given this perspective, our group aggregated regional volumes data of 68 cortical regions across both hemispheres from 1379 PTSD patients to 2192 controls without PTSD after data were processed by 32 international laboratories using ENIGMA standardized procedures. We examined whether regional cortical volumes were different in PTSD vs. controls, were associated with posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) severity, or were affected by comorbid depression. Volumes of left and right lateral orbitofrontal gyri (LOFG), left superior temporal gyrus, and right insular, lingual and superior parietal gyri were significantly smaller, on average, in PTSD patients than controls (standardized coefficients = −0.111 to −0.068, FDR corrected P values \textless 0.039) and were significantly negatively correlated with PTSS severity. After adjusting for depression symptoms, the PTSD findings in left and right LOFG remained significant. These findings indicate that cortical volumes in PTSD patients are smaller in prefrontal regulatory regions, as well as in broader emotion and sensory processing cortical regions. %B Molecular Psychiatry %V 26 %P 4331-4343 %G eng %U https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-020-00967-1 %R 10.1038/s41380-020-00967-1 %0 Journal Article %J Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences %D 2020 %T Sensitive periods in human development: charting a course for the future %A Gabard-Durnam, Laurel %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %X Sensitive periods neurobiologically encode environmental experiences to facilitate plasticity and learning in human development. Knowledge of human sensitive periods has largely come from methods developed in animal models and remains limited in many domains. We provide a framework and suite of approaches to study these phenomena in humans to stimulate progress in understanding human sensitive periods. To do so, we evaluate how current research approaches can shed light on different aspects of human sensitive period processes. These approaches comprise environmental manipulations like deprivation and substitution paradigms, pharmacological manipulations, and computational modeling. Finally, we propose three novel approaches rooted in human neuroscience—including impoverished environments, enriched environmental interventions, and individual differences in stress—to motivate future research on sensitive period mechanisms. %B Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences %V 36 %P 120-128 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.09.003 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Experimental Child Psychology %D 2020 %T Early implicit–explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms %A Cvencek, Dario %A Greenwald, Anthony G. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %K Anxiety %K Depression %K Implicit and explicit self-esteem %K Internalizing problems %K Longitudinal design %K Preschool children %X This longitudinal study examined early social–cognitive markers that might be associated with the emergence of childhood depression and anxiety. At 5 years of age, 137 children completed an implicit self-esteem measure. At 9 years of age, the same children completed measures of implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Two novel findings emerged. First, higher implicit self-esteem at age 5 than explicit self-esteem at age 9 (implicit \textgreater explicit discrepancy) was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9, but not with symptoms of anxiety. Second, this cross-age implicit \textgreater explicit discrepancy was associated with depressive symptoms more strongly than was the same implicit \textgreater explicit discrepancy measured concurrently at age 9. The overall pattern suggests that the appearance of depressive symptoms in children is associated with discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem and not just lower levels of implicit self-esteem or lower levels of explicit self-esteem taken alone. It is the direction and discrepancy across time that is particularly informative, such that discrepancies between early implicit representations and later explicit reports of self-worth reflect a developmental pathway associated with elevated risk for depressive symptoms. Taken altogether, this study illustrates the benefits of combining work in developmental, child-clinical, and social psychology to provide a more complete view of the developing child. We believe that combining implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem across developmental time points can be used to examine early markers of depression in children at younger ages than typically possible with explicit measures alone. %B Journal of Experimental Child Psychology %V 200 %P 104962 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022096520304161 %R 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104962 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychological Science %D 2020 %T Reward Processing Modulates the Association Between Trauma Exposure and Externalizing Symptoms. %A Kasparek, Steven W. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Childhood adversity is common and strongly associated with risk for psychopathology. Identifying factors that buffer children from experiencing psychopathology following adversity is critical for developing more effective intervention approaches. In the present study, we examined several behavioral metrics of reward processing reflecting global approach motivation for reward and the degree to which reward responses scaled with reward value (i.e., behavioral sensitivity to reward value) as potential moderators of the association of multiple dimensions of adversity including trauma, caregiver neglect, and food insecurity with depression and externalizing psychopathology in a sample of youths ages 8 to 16 (n = 132). Trauma exposure and externalizing problems were positively associated at low and moderate levels of reward reactivity, but this association became nonsignificant at high levels of reward reactivity. Our findings extend prior work by demonstrating that high behavioral sensitivity to reward value may buffer against externalizing problems following exposure to trauma. %B Clinical Psychological Science %V 8 %P 989-1006 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620933570 %N 6 %R 10.1177/2167702620933570 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Bulletin %D 2020 %T Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Williams, Eileen S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent Development %K Aging %K Child Characteristics %K childhood adversity %K childhood development %K DEPRIVATION %K Puberty %K Threat %X Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and systematic review testing the hypothesis that ELA involving threat (e.g., violence exposure) will be associated with accelerated biological aging across multiple metrics, whereas exposure to deprivation (e.g., neglect, institutional rearing) and low-socioeconomic status (SES) will not. We meta-analyze 54 studies (n = 116,010) examining associations of ELA with pubertal timing and cellular aging (telomere length and DNA methylation age), systematically review 25 studies (n = 3,253) examining ELA and neural markers of accelerated development (cortical thickness and amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity) and evaluate whether associations of ELA with biological aging vary according to the nature of adversity experienced. ELA overall was associated with accelerated pubertal timing (d = −0.10) and cellular aging (d = −0.21), but these associations varied by adversity type. Moderator analysis revealed that ELA characterized by threat was associated with accelerated pubertal development (d = −0.26) and accelerated cellular aging (d = −0.43), but deprivation and SES were unrelated to accelerated development. Systematic review revealed associations between ELA and accelerated cortical thinning, with threat-related ELA consistently associated with thinning in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and deprivation and SES associated with thinning in frontoparietal, default, and visual networks. There was no consistent association of ELA with amygdala-PFC connectivity. These findings suggest specificity in the types of early environmental experiences associated with accelerated biological aging and highlight the importance of evaluating how accelerated aging contributes to health disparities and whether this process can be mitigated through early intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) %B Psychological Bulletin %G eng %R 10.1037/bul0000270 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2020 %T Social-cognitive mechanisms in the cycle of violence: Cognitive and affective theory of mind, and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Children who are victims of interpersonal violence have a markedly elevated risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and perpetrating violence in adolescence and adulthood. Although alterations in social information processing have long been understood as a core mechanism underlying the link between violence exposure and externalizing behavior, scant research has examined more basic social cognition abilities that might underlie this association. To that end, this study examined the associations of interpersonal violence exposure with cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), core social-cognitive processes that underlie many aspects of social information processing. In addition, we evaluated whether difficulties with ToM were associated with externalizing psychopathology. Data were collected in a community-based sample of 246 children and adolescents aged 8–16 who had a high concentration of exposure to interpersonal violence. Violence exposure was associated with lower accuracy during cognitive and affective ToM, and the associations persisted after adjusting for co-occurring forms of adversity characterized by deprivation, including poverty and emotional neglect. Poor ToM performance, in turn, was associated with externalizing behaviors. These findings shed light on novel pathways that increase risk for aggression in children who have experienced violence. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 32 %P 735-750 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/socialcognitive-mechanisms-in-the-cycle-of-violence-cognitive-and-affective-theory-of-mind-and-externalizing-psychopathology-in-children-and-adolescents/7331DAC6DE6F5DFC36D208 %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Anxiety and Depression Association of America %D 2020 %T Reduced hippocampal and amygdala volume as a mechanism underlying stress sensitization to depression following childhood trauma %A Weissman, David G. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Rodman, Alexandra M. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X

Background: Stressful life events are more likely to trigger depression among individuals exposed to childhood adversity. However, the mechanisms underlying this stress sensitization remain largely unknown. Any such mechanism must be altered by childhood adversity and interact with recent stressful life events, magnifying their association with depression.

Aim: This study investigated whether reduced hippocampal and amygdala volume are potential mechanisms underlying stress sensitization following childhood violence exposure.

Method: A sample of 149 youth (aged 8-17 years), with (N = 75) and without (N = 74) exposure to physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence participated. Participants completed a structural MRI scan and assessments of depression. Approximately 2 years later, stressful life events were assessed along with depression symptoms in 120 participants (57 violence exposed).

Results: Childhood violence exposure was associated with smaller hippocampal and amygdala volume. Stressful life events occurring during the follow-up period predicted worsening depression over time, and this association was magnified among those with smaller hippocampal and amygdala volumes. Significant moderated mediation models revealed the indirect effects of violence exposure on increasing depression over time through hippocampal and amygdala volumes, particularly among youths who experienced more stressful life events.

Conclusions: These results provide evidence for reduced hippocampal and amygdala volume as potential mechanisms of stress sensitization to depression following exposure to violence. More broadly, these patterns suggest that hippocampal and amygdala-mediated emotional and cognitive processes may confer vulnerability to stressful life events among children who have experienced violence.

 

%B Anxiety and Depression Association of America %V 37 %P 916-925 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/da.23062 %N 9 %0 Journal Article %J Social Science & Medicine %D 2020 %T Changes in the depression gender gap from 1992 to 2014: Cohort effects and mediation by gendered social position %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A Bates, Lisa M. %A Jager, Justin %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %K Cohort effects %K Depression %K Disparities %K gender %K Social position %K Time trends %K United States %X The depression gap (i.e., higher rates of depression among women than men) represents an important mental health disparity in the US. Differences in gendered social position (i.e., the roles, responsibilities, and opportunities available to women and men), which have been changing since the mid-20th Century may contribute to this gender gap. The present study examined the evidence for a changing depression gap across birth cohorts and tested the extent to which any changes over time were mediated by changes in relative social position between women and men. Data were from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The depression gap was defined as differences in mean CESD scores for women vs. men. The analytic sample included 13,666 respondents interviewed from 1992 to 2014. Hierarchical mixed models estimated the magnitude of the gender depression gap over time, its association with 10-year birth cohort (range: 1957–1994), and whether any variation was mediated by ratios among women relative to men of obtaining a college degree, being employed full-time, and the average number of hours spent doing housework per week, three indicators of gendered social position. There was a linear decrease in the depression gap by 0.18 points across birth cohort (95% CI = −0.26, −0.10). The results of the mediation analysis estimated that an increasing ratio of college degree attainment mediated 39% of the gender depression gap across cohorts (95% CI = 0.18, 0.78). There was no evidence of mediation due to changing employment or housework ratios. These findings partially support the hypothesis that the depression gap is changing over time and is meaningfully related to the social environment. Understanding the social causes of the depression gap can illuminate the fundamental processes through which depression disparities may be perpetuated or attenuated over time and may aid in the identification of strategies to reduce them. %B Social Science & Medicine %V 258 %P 113088 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620303075 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113088 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Adolescent Health %D 2020 %T Associations of Sociodemographic Factors and Psychiatric Disorders With Type of School-Based Mental Health Services Received by Youth %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Alegría, Margarita %A Bettini, Elizabeth %A Gruber, Michael %A Hoagwood, Kimberly %A Tai, Lana Le %A Sampson, Nancy %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Xuan, Ziming %A Ronald C. Kessler %X \textlessh2\textgreaterAbstract\textless/h2\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterPurpose\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterSchools provide access to mental health services for traditionally underserved youth. However, there is variability in the types of school-based services students receive (e.g., school counseling, services in separate classrooms, or schools serving students with psychiatric disorders). Prior research has typically not distinguished among these different types of school-based services. The present study examines sociodemographic characteristics and disorders associated with the types of services received in schools.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterMethods\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterData were analyzed from a sample of adolescent–parent pairs in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement who received school mental health services (N = 1,204). DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered to adolescents and questionnaires self-administered to parents. Adolescents (aged 13–18 years) and parents also responded to questions about lifetime school-based mental health service receipt.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterResults\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterAmong those receiving school-based mental health services, almost one-third (29.7%) received services in a separate classroom and almost one-fourth (22.3%) in a separate school. Increased likelihood of lifetime placement in a separate classroom or school was detected among older youth, males, blacks, Latinos, youth with learning disabilities, those whose parents had fewer years of education, and those who received community-based mental health services. Oppositional defiant disorder was associated with increased lifetime placement in a separate school.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterConclusions\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterThe results advance the evidence base by indicating that racial/ethnic minority youth and those whose parents have fewer years of education were more likely to receive school-based mental health services in separate settings. These results provide more context to studies of school-based mental health service receipt.\textless/p\textgreater %B Journal of Adolescent Health %V 67 %P 392-400 %G eng %U https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(20)30090-2/abstract %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.016 %0 Journal Article %J BMC Medicine %D 2020 %T Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Rodman, Alexandra M. %A Weissman, David G. %X Transdiagnostic processes confer risk for multiple types of psychopathology and explain the co-occurrence of different disorders. For this reason, transdiagnostic processes provide ideal targets for early intervention and treatment. Childhood trauma exposure is associated with elevated risk for virtually all commonly occurring forms of psychopathology. We articulate a transdiagnostic model of the developmental mechanisms that explain the strong links between childhood trauma and psychopathology as well as protective factors that promote resilience against multiple forms of psychopathology. We present a model of transdiagnostic mechanisms spanning three broad domains: social information processing, emotional processing, and accelerated biological aging. Changes in social information processing that prioritize threat-related information—such as heightened perceptual sensitivity to threat, misclassification of negative and neutral emotions as anger, and attention biases towards threat-related cues—have been consistently observed in children who have experienced trauma. Patterns of emotional processing common in children exposed to trauma include elevated emotional reactivity to threat-related stimuli, low emotional awareness, and difficulties with emotional learning and emotion regulation. More recently, a pattern of accelerated aging across multiple biological metrics, including pubertal development and cellular aging, has been found in trauma-exposed children. Although these changes in social information processing, emotional responding, and the pace of biological aging reflect developmental adaptations that may promote safety and provide other benefits for children raised in dangerous environments, they have been consistently associated with the emergence of multiple forms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and explain the link between childhood trauma exposure and transdiagnostic psychopathology. Children with higher levels of social support, particularly from caregivers, are less likely to develop psychopathology following trauma exposure. Caregiver buffering of threat-related processing may be one mechanism explaining this protective effect. Childhood trauma exposure is a powerful transdiagnostic risk factor associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology across development. Changes in threat-related social and emotional processing and accelerated biological aging serve as transdiagnostic mechanisms linking childhood trauma with psychopathology. These transdiagnostic mechanisms represent critical targets for early interventions aimed at preventing the emergence of psychopathology in children who have experienced trauma. %B BMC Medicine %V 18 %G eng %U https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 %N 1 %R 10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 %0 Journal Article %J Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research %D 2020 %T Barriers to Mental Health Service Use and Predictors of Treatment Drop Out: Racial/Ethnic Variation in a Population-Based Study %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fillbrunn, Mirko %A Fukuda, Marie %A Jackson, James S. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Sadikova, Ekaterina %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Vilsaint, Corrie %A Williams, David R. %A Cruz-Gonzalez, Mario %A Alegría, Margarita %X This study examines racial/ethnic differences in perceived need for mental health treatment, barriers to treatment receipt, and reasons for dropout. Data are from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies, a pooled dataset from three U.S. nationally-representative adult samples. Among respondents with a 12-month psychiatric disorder who received no treatment (N = 1417), Asians and Latinos reported lower perceived need than Blacks and Whites, and Latinos reported the fewest attitudinal barriers. Among those with a 12-month disorder who dropped out of treatment, Asians and Latinos gave more reasons for dropping out. Significant interactions of race/ethnicity with other characteristics identified subpopulations with high unmet need. %B Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research %V 47 %P 606-616 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01021-6 %R 10.1007/s10488-020-01021-6 %0 Journal Article %J Emotion %D 2020 %T Charting the development of emotion comprehension and abstraction from childhood to adulthood using observer-rated and linguistic measures. %A Nook, Erik C. %A Stavish, Caitlin M. %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Mair, Patrick %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Somerville, Leah H. %X This study examined two facets of emotion development: emotion word comprehension (knowing the meaning of emotion words such as “anger” or “excitement”) and emotion concept abstraction (representing emotions in terms of internal psychological states that generalize across situations). Using a novel emotion vocabulary assessment, we captured how a cross-sectional sample of participants aged 4-25 (N=196) defined 24 emotions. Smoothing spline regression models suggested that emotion comprehension followed an emergent shape: knowledge of emotion words increased across childhood and plateaued around age 11. Human coders rated the abstractness of participants’ responses, and these ratings also followed an emergent shape but plateaued significantly later than comprehension, around age 18. An automated linguistic analysis of abstractness supported coders’ perceptions of increased abstractness across age. Finally, coders assessed the definitional “strategies” participants used to describe emotions. Young children tended to describe emotions using concrete strategies such as providing example situations that evoked those emotions or by referring to physiological markers of emotional experiences. Whereas use of these concrete strategies decreased with age, the tendency to use more abstract strategies such as providing general definitions that delineated the causes and characteristics of emotions or by providing synonyms of emotion words increased with age. Overall, this work (i) provides a tool for assessing definitions of emotion terms, (ii) demonstrates that emotion concept abstraction increases across age, and (iii) suggests that adolescence is a period in which emotion words are comprehended but their level of abstraction continues to mature. %B Emotion %V 20 %P 773-792 %G eng %U http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/emo0000609 %N 5 %R 10.1037/emo0000609 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2020 %T Earlier age at menarche as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking childhood trauma with multiple forms of psychopathology in adolescent girls %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Allen, Nicholas B. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescence %K childhood adversity %K developmental psychopathology %K early-life stress %K Puberty %X {BackgroundAlthough early life adversity (ELA) increases risk for psychopathology, mechanisms linking ELA with the onset of psychopathology remain poorly understood. Conceptual models have argued that ELA accelerates development. It is unknown whether all forms of ELA are associated with accelerated development or whether early maturation is a potential mechanism linking ELA with psychopathology. We examine whether two distinct dimensions of ELA – threat and deprivation – have differential associations with pubertal timing in girls, and evaluate whether accelerated pubertal timing is a mechanism linking ELA with the onset of adolescent psychopathology.MethodsData were drawn from a large, nationally representative sample of 4937 adolescent girls. Multiple forms of ELA characterized by threat and deprivation were assessed along with age at menarche (AAM) and the onset of DSM-IV fear, distress, externalizing, and eating disorders.ResultsGreater exposure to threat was associated with earlier AAM (B = −0.1 %B Psychological Medicine %V 50 %P 1090-1098 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/earlier-age-at-menarche-as-a-transdiagnostic-mechanism-linking-childhood-trauma-with-multiple-forms-of-psychopathology-in-adolescent-girls/61A759DC907616E1D18A782032B11F70 %N 7 %R 10.1017/S0033291719000953 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2020 %T Social-cognitive mechanisms in the cycle of violence: Cognitive and affective theory of mind, and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adversity %K Aggression %K Externalizing %K Theory of Mind %K Violence %X Children who are victims of interpersonal violence have a markedly elevated risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and perpetrating violence in adolescence and adulthood. Although alterations in social information processing have long been understood as a core mechanism underlying the link between violence exposure and externalizing behavior, scant research has examined more basic social cognition abilities that might underlie this association. To that end, this study examined the associations of interpersonal violence exposure with cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), core social-cognitive processes that underlie many aspects of social information processing. In addition, we evaluated whether difficulties with ToM were associated with externalizing psychopathology. Data were collected in a community-based sample of 246 children and adolescents aged 8–16 who had a high concentration of exposure to interpersonal violence. Violence exposure was associated with lower accuracy during cognitive and affective ToM, and the associations persisted after adjusting for co-occurring forms of adversity characterized by deprivation, including poverty and emotional neglect. Poor ToM performance, in turn, was associated with externalizing behaviors. These findings shed light on novel pathways that increase risk for aggression in children who have experienced violence. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 32 %P 735-750 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/socialcognitive-mechanisms-in-the-cycle-of-violence-cognitive-and-affective-theory-of-mind-and-externalizing-psychopathology-in-children-and-adolescents/7331DAC6DE6F5DFC36D208 %N 2 %R 10.1017/S0954579419000725 %0 Generic %D 2020 %T Low Emotional Awareness as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism Underlying Psychopathology in Adolescence %A Weissman, David %A Nook, Erik C %A Dews, Aridenne A. %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Lambert, Hilary %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Somerville, Leah %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %X The ability to identify and label one’s emotions is associated with effective emotion regulation, rendering emotional awareness important for mental health. We evaluated how emotional awareness was related to psychopathology and whether low emotional awareness was a transdiagnostic mechanism explaining the increase in psychopathology during the transition to adolescence and as a function of childhood trauma—specifically, violence exposure. In Study 1, children and adolescents (N = 120, age range = 7–19 years) reported on emotional awareness and psychopathology. Emotional awareness was negatively associated with psychopathology (p-factor) and worsened across age in females but not males. In Study 2 (N = 262, age range = 8–16 years), we replicated these findings and demonstrated longitudinally that low emotional awareness mediated increases in p-factor as a function of age in females and violence exposure. These findings indicate that low emotional awareness may be a transdiagnostic mechanism linking adolescent development, sex, and trauma with the emergence of psychopathology. %I PsyArXiv %V 8 %P 971-988 %G eng %U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702620923649 %N 6 %9 preprint %R 10.31234/osf.io/49a6h %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2020 %T Altered Neural Processing of Threat-Related Information in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Violence: A Transdiagnostic Mechanism Contributing to the Emergence of Psychopathology %A Weissman, David G. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X {OBJECTIVE: Exposure to violence in childhood is associated with increased risk for multiple forms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. We evaluated how exposure to violence in early life influences neural responses to neutral and threat-related stimuli in childhood and adolescence, developmental variation in these associations, and whether these neural response patterns convey transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology over time. METHOD: Participants were 149 youth (75 female youth), ages 8 to 17 (M =12.8 %B Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry %V 59 %P 1274-1284 %G eng %U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856719319288 %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.471 %0 Journal Article %J Child Development %D 2020 %T Cognitive Stimulation as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status With Executive Function: A Longitudinal Investigation %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Hagen, McKenzie P. %A Lurie, Lucy A. %A Miles, Zoe E. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds having poorer performance than their higher SES peers. Using observational methods, we investigated cognitive stimulation in the home as a mechanism linking SES with EF. In a sample of 101 children aged 60–75 months, cognitive stimulation fully mediated SES-related differences in EF. Critically, cognitive stimulation was positively associated with the development of inhibition and cognitive flexibility across an 18-month follow-up period. Furthermore, EF at T1 explained SES-related differences in academic achievement at T2. Early cognitive stimulation—a modifiable factor—may be a desirable target for interventions designed to ameliorate SES-related differences in cognitive development and academic achievement. %B Child Development %V 91 %P 762-779 %G eng %U https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cdev.13315 %N 4 %R 10.1111/cdev.13315 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2020 %T Network structure reveals clusters of associations between childhood adversities and development outcomes %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Shi, Feng %A Miller, Adam B. %A Salhi, Carmel %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adversity %K Deprivation and Threat %K Dimensional Model %K Emotion regulation %K Executive Function %K graph theory %K Network analysis %X Exposure to childhood adversity is common and associated with a host of negative developmental outcomes. The most common approach used to examine the consequences of adversity exposure is a cumulative risk model. Recently, we have proposed a novel approach, the dimensional model of adversity and psychopathology (DMAP), where different dimensions of adversity are hypothesized to impact health and well-being through different pathways. We expect deprivation to primarily disrupt cognitive processing, whereas we expect threat to primarily alter emotional reactivity and automatic regulation. Recent hypothesis-driven approaches provide support for these differential associations of deprivation and threat on developmental outcomes. However, it is not clear whether these patterns would emerge using data-driven approaches. Here we use a network analytic approach to identify clusters of related adversity exposures and outcomes in an initial study (Study 1: N = 277 adolescents aged 16–17 years; 55.1% female) and a replication (Study 2: N = 262 children aged 8–16 years; 45.4% female). We statistically compare our observed clusters with our hypothesized DMAP model and a clustering we hypothesize would be the result of a cumulative stress model. In both samples we observed a network structure consistent with the DMAP model and statistically different than the hypothesized cumulative stress model. Future work seeking to identify in the pathways through which adversity impacts development should consider multiple dimensions of adversity. %B Developmental Science %P e12934 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.12934 %R 10.1111/desc.12934 %0 Book Section %B Adverse Childhood Experiences %D 2020 %T Neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking ACEs with psychopathology %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %B Adverse Childhood Experiences %I Elsevier %P 265–285 %@ 978-0-12-816065-7 %G eng %U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128160657000136 %R 10.1016/B978-0-12-816065-7.00013-6 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2020 %T Brain structure mediates the association between socioeconomic status and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder %A Machlin, Laura %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) %K Brain development %K Cerebellum %K cognitive neuroscience %K developmental psychopathology %K Socioeconomic status %X Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with greater risk for symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One mechanism through which SES may confer risk for ADHD is by influencing brain structure. Alterations to cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume have been associated with low SES and with the presence of ADHD across multiple studies. The current study examined whether cortical thickness, surface area or subcortical volume mediate the associations between SES and ADHD in youth 3–21 years old (N = 874) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study. Freesurfer was used to estimate cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Parents reported on demographics, family SES, ADHD diagnoses and the presence of child attention problems. Statistical mediation was assessed using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Controlling for parental ADHD, child age, gender, birth weight and scanner, children in low SES families were more likely to be in the ADHD group. Consistent with previous reports in this sample, low SES was associated with reduced surface area across the frontal lobe and reduced subcortical volume in the amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus and basal ganglia. Of these regions, a significant indirect effect of SES on ADHD status through subcortical volume was observed for the left cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.004, 0.022), the right cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.006, 0.025), and the right caudate (95% confidence interval: 0.002, 0.022). Environmentally mediated changes in the cerebellum and the caudate may be neurodevelopmental mechanisms explaining elevated risk of ADHD in children in low SES families. %B Developmental Science %V 23 %P e12844 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.12844 %N 1 %R 10.1111/desc.12844 %0 Book %D 2020 %T The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health %A Harkness, Kate L. %A Hayden, Elizabeth P. %K Psychology / Applied Psychology %K Psychology / Clinical Psychology %K Psychology / Mental Health %X Decades of research have unequivocally shown that life stress is a central factor in the onset and course of almost every psychiatric disorder. However, the processes by which stress influences mental health are complex, and the integration of the myriad of biological and psychological systems involved requires a multidisciplinary perspective. Fortunately, scientists working from diverse vantage points have made huge advances in unpacking the complexities of stress-disorder relations. The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health provides a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the science of stress and mental health. Topics covered include assessment issues, the role of stress in various mental disorders, developmental influences and individual difference factors that predict reactivity to stress, and treatment of stress-related mental health problems. Internationally recognized scholars in the field of stress and stress-related disorders have contributed their diverse expertise, providing both depth and breadth in terms of understanding stress and mental health. Chapters 1 to 4 provide a critical discussion of assessment issues in the domains of stress exposure and stress response. Chapters 5 to 14 review the relation of stress exposures to a broad range of mental health outcomes across the lifespan. Chapters 15 to 25 are concerned with understanding how the stress response unfolds at both psychological and neurobiological levels. Lastly, Chapters 26 to 33 addresses stress adaptation and resilience, as well as evidence-based treatments for stress and stress-related disorder. This volume will constitute an invaluable resource for students, established scientists, and clinicians looking for a comprehensive treatment of the topic of stress and mental health. %I Oxford University Press %P 45-74 %@ 978-0-19-068177-7 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Oxford Handbook of Positive Emotion and Psychopathology %D 2019 %T Protector and casualty: The dual processes of positive emotion in early-life adversity. %A Dennison, M. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Early-life adversity is associated with elevated risk for a wide range of mental disorders across the lifespan, including those that involve disruptions in positive emotionality. Although extensive research has evaluated heightened negative emotionality and threat processing as developmental mechanisms linking early-life adversity with mental health problems, emerging evidence suggests that positive emotions play an integral, but complex, role in the association of early-life adversity with psychopathology. This chapter identifies two pathways through which positive emotion influences risk for psychopathology following early-life adversity. First, experiences of early-life adversity may alter the development of the “positive valence system”, which in turn increases risk for psychopathology. Second, the association between adversity and psychopathology may vary as a function of individual differences in positive emotionality. We consider how the development of positive emotionality—measured at psychological, behavioral and neurobiological levels—may be altered by early-life adversity, creating a diathesis for psychopathology. We additionally review evidence for the role of positive emotion, measured at multiple levels, as a protective factor that buffers against the adverse impacts of adversity. In integrating these two roles, it is proposed that characteristics of environmental adversity, including developmental timing, duration, and type of adversity, may differentially impact the development of positive emotionality, leading to a better understanding of risks associated with specific adverse experiences. Methodological issues regarding the measurement of adverse environments as well as implications for early intervention and treatment are discussed.

%B The Oxford Handbook of Positive Emotion and Psychopathology %V 29 %P 496–522 %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190653200.013.31 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T The role of visual association cortex in scaffolding prefrontal cortex development: A novel mechanism linking socioeconomic status and executive functioning %A Rosen, M.L. %A Amso, D. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with executive function (EF) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) development. However, understanding of the specific aspects of SES that influence development of EF and the PFC remains limited. We briefly review existing literature on proposed mechanisms linking SES with EF. Then, we present a novel conceptual model arguing that early cognitive stimulation shapes EF and PFC development. We propose that cognitive stimulation drives lower-level sensory and perceptual processes that may impact EF and PFC development through reciprocal connections between the ventral visual stream and PFC. We argue that caregivers guide attention and associative learning, which provides children the opportunity to regulate attention and gain semantic knowledge. This experience in turn allows for opportunities to train the PFC to resolve conflict between stimuli with overlapping features and engage in increasingly complex computations as visual processing systems develop; this may lay the groundwork for development of EF. We review existing evidence for this model and end by highlighting how this conceptual model could launch future research questions. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 39 %P 100699 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100699 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T Distinct aspects of the early environment shape associative memory, attention, and memory-guided attention: Implications for academic achievement. %A Rosen, M.L. %A Meltzoff, A. N. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with numerous aspects of cognitive development and disparities in academic achievement. The specific environmental factors that contribute to these disparities remain poorly understood. We used observational methods to characterize three aspects of the early environment that may contribute to SES-related differences in cognitive development: violence exposure, cognitive stimulation, and quality of the physical environment. We evaluated the associations of these environmental characteristics with associative memory, cued attention, and memory-guided attention in a sample of 101 children aged 60–75 months. We further investigated whether these specific cognitive abilities mediated the association between SES and academic achievement 18 months later. Violence exposure was specifically associated with poor associative memory, but not cued attention or memory-guided attention. Cognitive stimulation and higher quality physical environment were positively associated with cued attention accuracy, but not after adjusting for all other environmental variables. The quality of the physical environment was associated with memory-guided attention accuracy. Of the cognitive abilities examined, only memory-guided attention contributed to SES-related differences in academic achievement. These findings suggest specificity in how particular aspects of early environmental experience scaffold different types of attention and memory subserved by distinct neural circuits and shed light on a novel cognitive-developmental mechanism underlying SES-related disparities in academic achievement. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 40 %P 100731 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100731 %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Psychiatry %D 2019 %T Altered white matter microstructural organization in posttraumatic stress disorder across 3047 adults: results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD consortium %A Dennis, Emily L. %A Disner, Seth G. %A Fani, Negar %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Salminen, Lauren E. %A Logue, Mark %A Clarke, Emily K. %A Haswell, Courtney C. %A Averill, Christopher L. %A Baugh, Lee A. %A Bomyea, Jessica %A Bruce, Steven E. %A Cha, Jiook %A Choi, Kyle %A Davenport, Nicholas D. %A Densmore, Maria %A du Plessis, Stefan %A Forster, Gina L. %A Frijling, Jessie L. %A Gonenc, Atilla %A Gruber, Staci %A Grupe, Daniel W. %A Guenette, Jeffrey P. %A Hayes, Jasmeet %A Hofmann, David %A Ipser, Jonathan %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Kelly, Sinead %A Kennis, Mitzy %A Kinzel, Philipp %A Koch, Saskia B. J. %A Koerte, Inga %A Koopowitz, Sheri %A Korgaonkar, Mayuresh %A Krystal, John %A Lebois, Lauren A. M. %A Li, Gen %A Magnotta, Vincent A. %A Manthey, Antje %A May, Geoff J. %A Menefee, Deleene S. %A Nawijn, Laura %A Nelson, Steven M. %A Neufeld, Richard W. J. %A Nitschke, Jack B. %A O’Doherty, Daniel %A Peverill, Matthew %A Ressler, Kerry J. %A Roos, Annerine %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Sierk, Anika %A Simmons, Alan %A Simons, Raluca M. %A Simons, Jeffrey S. %A Stevens, Jennifer %A Suarez-Jimenez, Benjamin %A Sullivan, Danielle R. %A Théberge, Jean %A Tran, Jana K. %A van den Heuvel, Leigh %A van der Werff, Steven J. A. %A van Rooij, Sanne J. H. %A van Zuiden, Mirjam %A Velez, Carmen %A Verfaellie, Mieke %A Vermeiren, Robert R. J. M. %A Wade, Benjamin S. C. %A Wager, Tor %A Walter, Henrik %A Winternitz, Sherry %A Wolff, Jonathan %A York, Gerald %A Zhu, Y. E. %A Zhu, Xi %A Abdallah, Chadi G. %A Bryant, Richard %A Daniels, Judith K. %A Richard J. Davidson %A Fercho, Kelene A. %A Franz, Carol %A Geuze, Elbert %A Gordon, Evan M. %A Kaufman, Milissa L. %A Kremen, William S. %A Lagopoulos, Jim %A Lanius, Ruth A. %A Lyons, Michael J. %A McCauley, Stephen R. %A McGlinchey, Regina %A Milberg, William %A Neria, Yuval %A Olff, Miranda %A Seedat, Soraya %A Shenton, Martha %A Sponheim, Scott R. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Murray B. Stein %A Straube, Thomas %A Tate, David F. %A van der Wee, Nic J. A. %A Veltman, Dick J. %A Wang, Li %A Wilde, Elisabeth A. %A Paul M. Thompson %A Kochunov, Peter %A Jahanshad, Neda %A Morey, Rajendra A. %X A growing number of studies have examined alterations in white matter organization in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using diffusion MRI (dMRI), but the results have been mixed which may be partially due to relatively small sample sizes among studies. Altered structural connectivity may be both a neurobiological vulnerability for, and a result of, PTSD. In an effort to find reliable effects, we present a multi-cohort analysis of dMRI metrics across 3047 individuals from 28 cohorts currently participating in the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD working group (a joint partnership between the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis consortium). Comparing regional white matter metrics across the full brain in 1426 individuals with PTSD and 1621 controls (2174 males/873 females) between ages 18–83, 92% of whom were trauma-exposed, we report associations between PTSD and disrupted white matter organization measured by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the tapetum region of the corpus callosum (Cohen’s d = −0.11, p = 0.0055). The tapetum connects the left and right hippocampus, for which structure and function have been consistently implicated in PTSD. Results were consistent even after accounting for the effects of multiple potentially confounding variables: childhood trauma exposure, comorbid depression, history of traumatic brain injury, current alcohol abuse or dependence, and current use of psychotropic medications. Our results show that PTSD may be associated with alterations in the broader hippocampal network. %B Molecular Psychiatry %P 4315-4330 %G eng %U https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-019-0631-x %R 10.1038/s41380-019-0631-x %0 Journal Article %J Annual Review of Developmental Psychology %D 2019 %T Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Weissman, David %A Bitrán, Debbie %X An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment—the dimensional model of adversity and stress acceleration model—in a systematic review of 109 studies using MRI-based measures of neural structure and function in children and adolescents. Consistent with the dimensional model, children exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and hippocampal volume and heightened amygdala activation to threat in a majority of studies; these patterns were not observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation. In contrast, reduced volume and altered function in frontoparietal regions were observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation but not children exposed to threat. Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited but emerged in other metrics of neurodevelopment. Progress in charting neurodevelopmental consequences of adversity requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, and more precise assessments of adversity. %B Annual Review of Developmental Psychology %V 1 %P 277–312 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 %N 1 %R 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T Distinct aspects of the early environment contribute to associative memory, cued attention, and memory-guided attention: Implications for academic achievement %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Attention %K Cognitive stimulation %K Memory %K Physical environment %K Socioeconomic status %K Violence exposure %X Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with numerous aspects of cognitive development and disparities in academic achievement. The specific environmental factors that contribute to these disparities remain poorly understood. We used observational methods to characterize three aspects of the early environment that may contribute to SES-related differences in cognitive development: violence exposure, cognitive stimulation, and quality of the physical environment. We evaluated the associations of these environmental characteristics with associative memory, cued attention, and memory-guided attention in a sample of 101 children aged 60–75 months. We further investigated whether these specific cognitive abilities mediated the association between SES and academic achievement 18 months later. Violence exposure was specifically associated with poor associative memory, but not cued attention or memory-guided attention. Cognitive stimulation and higher quality physical environment were positively associated with cued attention accuracy, but not after adjusting for all other environmental variables. The quality of the physical environment was associated with memory-guided attention accuracy. Of the cognitive abilities examined, only memory-guided attention contributed to SES-related differences in academic achievement. These findings suggest specificity in how particular aspects of early environmental experience scaffold different types of attention and memory subserved by distinct neural circuits and shed light on a novel cognitive-developmental mechanism underlying SES-related disparities in academic achievement. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 40 %P 100731 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929319303184 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100731 %0 Journal Article %J Intelligence %D 2019 %T The Flynn effect for fluid IQ may not generalize to all ages or ability levels: A population-based study of 10,000 US adolescents %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Kaufman, Alan S. %X Generational changes in IQ (the Flynn Effect) have been extensively researched and debated. Within the US, gains of 3 points per decade have been accepted as consistent across age and ability level, suggesting that tests with outdated norms yield spuriously high IQs. However, findings are generally based on small samples, have not been validated across ability levels, and conflict with reverse effects recently identified in Scandinavia and other countries. Using a well-validated measure of fluid intelligence, we investigated the Flynn Effect by comparing scores normed in 1989 and 2003, among a representative sample of American adolescents ages 13–18 (n = 10,073). Additionally, we examined Flynn Effect variation by age, sex, ability level, parental age, and SES. Adjusted mean IQ differences per decade were calculated using generalized linear models. Overall the Flynn Effect was not significant; however, effects varied substantially by age and ability level. IQs increased 2.3 points at age 13 (95% CI = 2.0, 2.7), but decreased 1.6 points at age 18 (95% CI = −2.1, −1.2). IQs decreased 4.9 points for those with IQ ≤ 70 (95% CI = −4.9, −4.8), but increased 3.5 points among those with IQ ≥ 130 (95% CI = 3.4, 3.6). The Flynn Effect was not meaningfully related to other background variables. Using the largest sample of US adolescent IQs to date, we demonstrate significant heterogeneity in fluid IQ changes over time. Reverse Flynn Effects at age 18 are consistent with previous data, and those with lower ability levels are exhibiting worsening IQ over time. Findings by age and ability level challenge generalizing IQ trends throughout the general population. %B Intelligence %V 77 %P 101385 %G eng %U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289619301679 %R 10.1016/j.intell.2019.101385 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychiatric Research %D 2019 %T Racial and ethnic differences in individual-level and area-based socioeconomic status and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders %A Chen, Ruijia %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Sadikova, Ekaterina %A NeMoyer, Amanda %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Alvarez, Kiara %A Vilsaint, Corrie L. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Jackson, James S. %A Alegría, Margarita %A Williams, David R. %K DSM-IV disorder %K Mental Health %K Race %K Socioeconomic status %K Subjective social status %X The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine the associations of individual-level objective socioeconomic status (OSS), subjective socioeconomic status (SSS), and area-based indicators of socioeconomic status, with 12-month DSM-IV mood, anxiety, alcohol use, and drug use disorders; and, (2) determine the extent of racial/ethnic differences in these associations across non-Latino White, non-Latino Black, Latino, and Asian participants. Data are from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies dataset, a collection of three population-based surveys of mental disorders among U.S. residents aged 18 and older (n = 13,775). Among all indicators of socioeconomic status, SSS was most consistently associated with 12-month mental disorders. Income was negatively associated with mood and anxiety disorders; education was negatively associated with alcohol use and drug use disorders. Significant interactions with race/ethnicity were found for the associations of socioeconomic indicators with anxiety, alcohol use, and drug use disorders but not with mood disorders. SSS was not associated with any of the 12-month mental disorders among Blacks. Education had stronger associations with 12-month anxiety and alcohol use disorders among Whites than among other racial/ethnic groups. Among Asians, low income compared to high income was associated with a lower risk of anxiety disorders and less than high school completion compared to college or more was associated with a lower risk of alcohol use disorders. Finally, tract-level income inequality was associated with a greater risk of drug use disorders only among Blacks. The patterns and magnitudes of the associations of individual-level and area-based socioeconomic indicators differed by type of disorder and race/ethnicity. %B Journal of Psychiatric Research %V 119 %P 48–59 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002239561930531X %R 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.006 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreatment %D 2019 %T Atypical Prefrontal–Amygdala Circuitry Following Childhood Exposure to Abuse: Links With Adolescent Psychopathology %A Peverill, Matthew %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Busso, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with more negative coupling between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala, a brain network involved in emotion regulation in both children and adults. This pattern may be particularly likely to emerge in individuals exposed to threatening experiences during childhood (e.g., exposure to child abuse), although this has not been examined in prior research. We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 57 adolescents during an emotion regulation task. Greater negative functional connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala occurred during viewing of negative compared to neutral images. This vmPFC-amygdala task-related functional connectivity was more negative in adolescents exposed to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse than those without a history of maltreatment and was associated with abuse severity. This pattern of more negative functional connectivity was associated with higher levels of externalizing psychopathology concurrently and 2 years later. Greater negative connectivity in the vmPFC-amygdala network during passive viewing of negative images may reflect disengagement of regulatory responses from vmPFC in situations eliciting strong amygdala reactivity, potentially due to stronger appraisals of threat in children exposed to early threatening environments. This pattern may be adaptive in the short term but place adolescents at higher risk of psychopathology later in life. %B Child Maltreatment %V 24 %P 411–423 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519852676 %N 4 %R 10.1177/1077559519852676 %0 Journal Article %J Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews %D 2019 %T Impaired hippocampus-dependent associative learning as a mechanism underlying PTSD: A meta-analysis %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Associative learning %K hippocampus %K PTSD %K trauma %X Smaller hippocampal volume is associated with increased risk for PTSD following trauma, but the hippocampal functions involved remain unknown. We propose a conceptual model that identifies broad impairment in hippocampus-dependent associative learning as a vulnerability factor for PTSD. Associative learning of foreground cues and background context is required to form an integrated representation of an event. People with poor associative learning may have difficulty remembering who or what was present during a trauma, where the trauma occurred, or the sequence of events, which may contribute to PTSD symptoms. We argue that associative learning difficulties in PTSD exist for cues and context, regardless of the emotional nature of the information. This contrasts with PTSD models that focus exclusively on threat-processing or contextual-processing. In a meta-analysis, people with PTSD exhibited poor associative learning of multiple information types compared to those without PTSD. Differences were of medium effect size and similar magnitude for neutral and negative/trauma-related stimuli. We provide evidence for associative learning difficulties as a neurocognitive pathway that may contribute to PTSD. %B Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews %V 107 %P 729–749 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763419301381 %R 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.024 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T Exposure to violence and low family income are associated with heightened amygdala responsiveness to threat among adolescents %A White, Stuart F. %A Voss, Joel L. %A Chiang, Jessica J. %A Wang, Lei %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Miller, Gregory E. %K Amygdala %K Anger %K socio-economic status %K Threat %K Violence %X The processing of emotional facial expressions is important for social functioning and is influenced by environmental factors, including early environmental experiences. Low socio-economic status (SES) is associated with greater exposure to uncontrollable stressors, including violence, as well as deprivation, defined as a lack or decreased complexity of expected environmental input. The current study examined amygdala and fusiform gyrus response to facial expressions in 207 early adolescents (mean age = 13.93 years, 63.3% female). Participants viewed faces displaying varying intensities of angry and happy faces during functional MRI. SES was assessed using the income-to-needs ratio (INR) and a measure of subjective social status. Cumulative exposure to violence was also assessed. When considered in isolation, only violence exposure was associated with heightened amygdala response to angry faces. When considered jointly, violence exposure and lower INR were both associated with increased amygdala response to angry faces and interacted, such that lower INR was associated with increased amygdala reactivity to anger only in those youth reporting no exposure to violence. This pattern of findings raises the possibility that greater amygdala reactivity to threat cues in children raised in low-SES conditions may arise from different factors associated with an economically-deprived environment. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 40 %P 100709 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929319302968 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100709 %0 Journal Article %J Nature Communications %D 2019 %T International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci %A Caroline M. Nievergelt %A Maihofer, Adam X. %A Klengel, Torsten %A Atkinson, Elizabeth G. %A Chia-Yen Chen %A Choi, Karmel W. %A Coleman, Jonathan R. I. %A Dalvie, Shareefa %A Duncan, Laramie E. %A Joel Gelernter %A Levey, Daniel F. %A Logue, Mark W. %A Renato Polimanti %A Allison C. Provost %A Ratanatharathorn, Andrew %A Murray B. Stein %A Torres, Katy %A Aiello, Allison E. %A Almli, Lynn M. %A Amstadter, Ananda B. %A Andersen, Søren B. %A Andreassen, Ole A. %A Arbisi, Paul A. %A Ashley-Koch, Allison E. %A Austin, S. Bryn %A Avdibegovic, Esmina %A Babić, Dragan %A Bækvad-Hansen, Marie %A Baker, Dewleen G. %A Beckham, Jean C. %A Bierut, Laura J. %A Bisson, Jonathan I. %A Boks, Marco P. %A Bolger, Elizabeth A. %A Børglum, Anders D. %A Bradley, Bekh %A Brashear, Megan %A Breen, Gerome %A Bryant, Richard A. %A Bustamante, Angela C. %A Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas %A Calabrese, Joseph R. %A Almeida, José M. Caldas-de- %A Dale, Anders M. %A Daly, Mark J. %A Daskalakis, Nikolaos P. %A Deckert, Jürgen %A Delahanty, Douglas L. %A Dennis, Michelle F. %A Disner, Seth G. %A Domschke, Katharina %A Dzubur-Kulenovic, Alma %A Erbes, Christopher R. %A Evans, Alexandra %A Farrer, Lindsay A. %A Feeny, Norah C. %A Flory, Janine D. %A Forbes, David %A Franz, Carol E. %A Galea, Sandro %A Garrett, Melanie E. %A Gelaye, Bizu %A Geuze, Elbert %A Gillespie, Charles %A Uka, Aferdita Goci %A Gordon, Scott D. %A Guffanti, Guia %A Hammamieh, Rasha %A Harnal, Supriya %A Hauser, Michael A. %A Heath, Andrew C. %A Hemmings, Sian M. J. %A Hougaard, David Michael %A Jakovljevic, Miro %A Jett, Marti %A Johnson, Eric Otto %A Jones, Ian %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Qin, Xue-Jun %A Junglen, Angela G. %A Karstoft, Karen-Inge %A Kaufman, Milissa L. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Khan, Alaptagin %A Kimbrel, Nathan A. %A King, Anthony P. %A Koen, Nastassja %A Kranzler, Henry R. %A Kremen, William S. %A Lawford, Bruce R. %A Lebois, Lauren A. M. %A Lewis, Catrin E. %A Linnstaedt, Sarah D. %A Lori, Adriana %A Lugonja, Bozo %A Luykx, Jurjen J. %A Lyons, Michael J. %A Maples-Keller, Jessica %A Marmar, Charles %A Martin, Alicia R. %A Martin, Nicholas G. %A Maurer, Douglas %A Mavissakalian, Matig R. %A McFarlane, Alexander %A McGlinchey, Regina E. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A McLean, Samuel A. %A McLeay, Sarah %A Mehta, Divya %A Milberg, William P. %A Miller, Mark W. %A Morey, Rajendra A. %A Morris, Charles Phillip %A Mors, Ole %A Mortensen, Preben B. %A Benjamin M. Neale %A Nelson, Elliot C. %A Nordentoft, Merete %A Norman, Sonya B. %A O’Donnell, Meaghan %A Orcutt, Holly K. %A Panizzon, Matthew S. %A Edward S. Peters %A Peterson, Alan L. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Pietrzak, Robert H. %A Polusny, Melissa A. %A Rice, John P. %A Ripke, Stephan %A Risbrough, Victoria B. %A Roberts, Andrea L. %A Rothbaum, Alex O. %A Rothbaum, Barbara O. %A Roy-Byrne, Peter %A Ruggiero, Ken %A Rung, Ariane %A Rutten, Bart P. F. %A Saccone, Nancy L. %A Sanchez, Sixto E. %A Schijven, Dick %A Seedat, Soraya %A Seligowski, Antonia V. %A Seng, Julia S. %A Sheerin, Christina M. %A Silove, Derrick %A Smith, Alicia K. %A Jordan W. Smoller %A Sponheim, Scott R. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Stevens, Jennifer S. %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Teicher, Martin H. %A Thompson, Wesley K. %A Trapido, Edward %A Uddin, Monica %A Robert J. Ursano %A Heuvel, Leigh Luella van den %A Hooff, Miranda Van %A Vermetten, Eric %A Vinkers, Christiaan H. %A Voisey, Joanne %A Wang, Yunpeng %A Wang, Zhewu %A Werge, Thomas %A Williams, Michelle A. %A Williamson, Douglas E. %A Winternitz, Sherry %A Wolf, Christiane %A Wolf, Erika J. %A Wolff, Jonathan D. %A Yehuda, Rachel %A Young, Ross McD %A Young, Keith A. %A Zhao, Hongyu %A Zoellner, Lori A. %A Liberzon, Israel %A Ressler, Kerry J. %A Haas, Magali %A Koenen, Karestan C. %X Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health problem. Here, the authors report a GWAS from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium in which they identify two risk loci in European ancestry and one locus in African ancestry individuals and find that PTSD is genetically correlated with several other psychiatric traits. %B Nature Communications %V 10 %P 1–16 %G eng %U https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12576-w %N 1 %R 10.1038/s41467-019-12576-w %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2019 %T Racial/ethnic variation in trauma-related psychopathology in the United States: a population-based study %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Alvarez, Kiara %A Fillbrunn, Mirko %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Jackson, James S. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Sadikova, Ekaterina %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Vilsaint, Corrie L. %A Williams, David R. %A Alegría, Margarita %K Disparities %K ethnicity %K psychopathology %K PTSD %K Race %K trauma %X Background The prevalence of mental disorders among Black, Latino, and Asian adults is lower than among Whites. Factors that explain these differences are largely unknown. We examined whether racial/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events (TEs) or vulnerability to trauma-related psychopathology explained the lower rates of psychopathology among racial/ethnic minorities. Methods We estimated the prevalence of TE exposure and associations with onset of DSM-IV depression, anxiety and substance disorders and with lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys, a national sample (N = 13 775) with substantial proportions of Black (35.9%), Latino (18.9%), and Asian Americans (14.9%). Results TE exposure varied across racial/ethnic groups. Asians were most likely to experience organized violence – particularly being a refugee – but had the lowest exposure to all other TEs. Blacks had the greatest exposure to participation in organized violence, sexual violence, and other TEs, Latinos had the highest exposure to physical violence, and Whites were most likely to experience accidents/injuries. Racial/ethnic minorities had lower odds ratios of depression, anxiety, and substance disorder onset relative to Whites. Neither variation in TE exposure nor vulnerability to psychopathology following TEs across racial/ethnic groups explained these differences. Vulnerability to PTSD did vary across groups, however, such that Asians were less likely and Blacks more likely to develop PTSD following TEs than Whites. Conclusions Lower prevalence of mental disorders among racial/ethnic minorities does not appear to reflect reduced vulnerability to TEs, with the exception of PTSD among Asians. This highlights the importance of investigating other potential mechanisms underlying racial/ethnic differences in psychopathology. %B Psychological Medicine %V 49 %P 2215–2226 %G eng %U http://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/racialethnic-variation-in-traumarelated-psychopathology-in-the-united-states-a-populationbased-study/45975E4994A9F6FED633E6E75EB511E3 %N 13 %R 10.1017/S0033291718003082 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2019 %T Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Depression Following Childhood Maltreatment: The Role of Neural Circuits Supporting the Cognitive Control of Emotion %A Rodman, Alexandra M. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Weissman, David G. %A Pine, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescence %K Adversity %K Depression %K Emotion regulation %K Neurobiological %K resilience %X

Background: Childhood adversity is strongly linked to negative mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety. Leveraging cognitive neuroscience to identify mechanisms that contribute to resilience in children with a history of maltreatment may provide viable intervention targets for the treatment or prevention of psychopathology. We present a conceptual model of a potential neurobiological mechanism of resilience to depression and anxiety following childhood adversity. Specifically, we argue that neural circuits underlying the cognitive control of emotion may promote resilience, wherein a child’s ability to recruit the frontoparietal control network to modulate amygdala reactivity to negative emotional cues—such as during cognitive reappraisal—buffers risk for internalizing symptoms following exposure to adversity.

Methods: We provide preliminary support for this model of resilience in a longitudinal sample of 151 participants 8 to 17 years of age with (n = 79) and without (n = 72) a history of childhood maltreatment who completed a cognitive reappraisal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:  Among maltreated youths, those who were better able to recruit prefrontal control regions and modulate amygdala reactivity during reappraisal exhibited lower risk for depression over time. By contrast, no association was observed between neural functioning during reappraisal and depression among youths without a history of maltreatment.

Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that children who are better able to regulate emotion through recruitment of the frontoparietal network exhibit greater resilience to depression following childhood maltreatment. Interventions targeting cognitive reappraisal and other cognitive emotion regulation strategies may have potential for reducing vulnerability to depression among children exposed to adversity.

%B Biological Psychiatry %V 86 %P 464–473 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322319313332 %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.033 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Psychology %D 2019 %T Spatial and temporal cortical variability track with age and affective experience during emotion regulation in youth %A Guassi Moreira, João F. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Silvers, Jennifer A. %X Variability is a fundamental feature of human brain activity that is particularly pronounced during development. However, developmental neuroimaging research has only recently begun to move beyond characterizing brain function exclusively in terms of magnitude of neural activation to incorporate estimates of variability. No prior neuroimaging study has done so in the domain of emotion regulation. We investigated how age and affective experiences relate to spatial and temporal variability in neural activity during emotion regulation. In the current study, 70 typically developing youth aged 8 to 17 years completed a cognitive reappraisal task of emotion regulation while undergoing functional MRI. Estimates of spatial and temporal variability during regulation were calculated across a network of brain regions, defined a priori, and were then related to age and affective experiences. Results showed that increasing age was associated with reduced spatial and temporal variability in a set of frontoparietal regions (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule) known to be involved in effortful emotion regulation. In addition, youth who reported less negative affect during regulation had less spatial variability in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which has previously been linked to cognitive reappraisal. We interpret age-related reductions in spatial and temporal variability as implying neural specialization. These results suggest that the development of emotion regulation is undergirded by a process of neural specialization and open a host of possibilities for incorporating neural variability into the study of emotion regulation development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). %B Developmental Psychology %V 55 %P 1921–1937 %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1037/dev0000687 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T The role of the visual association cortex in scaffolding prefrontal cortex development: A novel mechanism linking socioeconomic status and executive function %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Amso, Dima %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Caregiver interactions %K Cognitive development %K Cognitive stimulation %K Language exposure %K Ventral temporal cortex %X Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with executive function (EF) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) development. However, understanding of the specific aspects of SES that influence development of EF and the PFC remains limited. We briefly review existing literature on proposed mechanisms linking SES with EF. Then, we present a novel conceptual model arguing that early cognitive stimulation shapes EF and PFC development. We propose that cognitive stimulation drives lower-level sensory and perceptual processes that may impact EF and PFC development through reciprocal connections between the ventral visual stream and PFC. We argue that caregivers guide attention and associative learning, which provides children the opportunity to regulate attention and gain semantic knowledge. This experience in turn allows for opportunities to train the PFC to resolve conflict between stimuli with overlapping features and engage in increasingly complex computations as visual processing systems develop; this may lay the groundwork for development of EF. We review existing evidence for this model and end by highlighting how this conceptual model could launch future research questions. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 39 %P 100699 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929318303499 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100699 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2019 %T Dynamic associations between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing psychopathology in a multiwave longitudinal study %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Peverill, Matthew %A King, Kevin M. %A Hankin, Benjamin L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent Psychopathology %K adolescents %K Anxiety %K Depression %K Life Experiences %K Major Depression %K psychopathology %K Sensitization %K STRESS %K stress generation %K stress sensitization %X Associations between stressful life events (SLEs) and internalizing psychopathology are complex and bidirectional, involving interactions among stressors across development to predict psychopathology (i.e., stress sensitization) and psychopathology predicting greater exposure to SLEs (i.e., stress generation). Although stress sensitization and generation theoretical models inherently focus on within-person effects, most previous research has compared average levels of stress and psychopathology across individuals in a sample (i.e., between-person effects). The present study addressed this gap by investigating stress sensitization and stress generation effects in a multiwave, prospective study of SLEs and adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. Depression, anxiety, and SLE exposure were assessed every 3 months for 2 years (8 waves of data) in a sample of adolescents (n = 382, aged 11 to 15 at baseline). Multilevel modeling revealed within-person stress sensitization effects such that the association between within-person increases in SLEs and depression, but not anxiety, symptoms were stronger among adolescents who experienced higher average levels of SLEs across 2 years. We also observed within-person stress generation effects, such that adolescents reported a greater number of dependent-interpersonal SLEs during time periods after experiencing higher levels of depression at the previous wave than was typical for them. Although no within-person stress generation effects emerged for anxiety, higher overall levels of anxiety predicted greater exposure to dependent-interpersonal SLEs. Our findings extend prior work by demonstrating stress sensitization in predicting depression following normative forms of SLEs and stress generation effects for both depression and anxiety using a multilevel modeling approach. Clinical implications include an individualized approach to interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 128 %P 596–609 %G eng %U http://ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2019-43757-011&site=ehost-live&scope=site %N 6 %R 10.1037/abn0000450 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2019 %T Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence %A Adrian, Molly %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Kuehn, Kevin S. %A Smith, Michele R. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Difficulties with emotion regulation can take many forms, including increased sensitivity to emotional cues and habitual use of maladaptive cognitive or behavioral regulation strategies. Despite extensive research on emotion regulation and youth adjustment, few studies integrate multiple measures of emotion regulation. The present study evaluated the underlying structure of emotion regulation processes in adolescence using both task- and survey-based measures and determined whether differences in these emotion regulation latent factors mediated the association between peer victimization and internalizing psychopathology. Adolescents aged 16–17 years (n = 287; 55% female; 42% White) recruited in three urban centers in the United States completed baseline and follow-up assessments 4 months apart. Three models of emotion regulation were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. A three-factor model fit the data best, including cognitive regulation, behavioral regulation, and emotional reactivity latent factors. Task-based measures did not load onto these latent factors. Difficulties with behavioral regulation mediated the association between peer victimization and depression symptoms, whereas cognitive regulation difficulties mediated the association with anxiety symptoms. Findings point to potential targets for intervention efforts to reduce risk for internalizing problems in adolescents following experiences of peer victimization. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 31 %P 999–1009 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000543/type/journal_article %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0954579419000543 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2019 %T Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology %A Weissman, David G. %A Bitran, Debbie %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Schaefer, Jonathan D. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk for most forms of psychopathology. We examine emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking maltreatment with general psychopathology. A sample of 262 children and adolescents participated; 162 (61.8%) experienced abuse or exposure to domestic violence. We assessed four emotion regulation processes (cognitive reappraisal, attention bias to threat, expressive suppression, and rumination) and emotional reactivity. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed concurrently and at a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. A general psychopathology factor (p factor), representing co-occurrence of psychopathology symptoms across multiple internalizing and externalizing domains, was estimated using confirmatory factor analysis. Maltreatment was associated with heightened emotional reactivity and greater use of expressive suppression and rumination. The association of maltreatment with attention bias varied across development, with maltreated children exhibiting a bias toward threat and adolescents a bias away from threat. Greater emotional reactivity and engagement in rumination mediated the longitudinal association between maltreatment and increased general psychopathology over time. Emotion dysregulation following childhood maltreatment occurs at multiple stages of the emotion generation process, in some cases varies across development, and serves as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with general psychopathology. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 31 %P 899–915 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000348/type/journal_article %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0954579419000348 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2019 %T Altered development of hippocampus-dependent associative learning following early-life adversity %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Associative learning %K childhood adversity %K early-life stress %K hippocampus %K Violence %X Little is known about how childhood adversity influences the development of learning and memory and underlying neural circuits. We examined whether violence exposure in childhood influenced hippocampus-dependent associative learning and whether differences: a) were broad or specific to threat cues, and b) exhibited developmental variation. Children (n = 59; 8–19 years, 24 violence-exposed) completed an associative learning task with angry, happy, and neutral faces paired with objects during fMRI scanning. Outside the scanner, participants completed an associative memory test for face-object pairings. Violence-exposed children exhibited broad associative memory difficulties that became more pronounced with age, along with reduced recruitment of the hippocampus and atypical recruitment of fronto-parietal regions during encoding. Violence-exposed children also showed selective disruption of associative memory for threat cues regardless of age, along with reduced recruitment of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) during encoding in the presence of threat. Broad associative learning difficulties may be a functional consequence of the toxic effects of early-life stress on hippocampal and fronto-parietal cortical development. Difficulties in the presence of threat cues may result from enhanced threat processing that disrupts encoding and short-term storage of associative information in the IPS. These associative learning difficulties may contribute to poor life outcomes following childhood violence exposure. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 38 %P 100666 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929318303189 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100666 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2019 %T Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A DeCross, Stephanie N. %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Tottenham, Nim %X Exposure to childhood adversity is common and a powerful risk factor for many forms of psychopathology. In this opinion piece, we argue for greater translation of knowledge about the developmental processes that are influenced by childhood adversity into targeted interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology. Existing evidence has consistently identified several neurodevelopmental pathways that serve as mechanisms linking adversity with psychopathology. We highlight three domains in which these mechanisms are well-established and point to clear targets for intervention: 1) threat-related social information processing biases; 2) heightened emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation; and 3) disruptions in reward processing. In contrast to these established pathways, knowledge of how childhood adversity influences emotional learning mechanisms, including fear and reward learning, is remarkably limited. We see the investigation of these mechanisms as a critical next step for the field that will not only advance understanding of developmental pathways linking childhood adversity with psychopathology, but also provide clear targets for behavioral interventions. Knowledge of the mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology has advanced rapidly, and the time has come to translate that knowledge into clinical interventions to prevent the onset of mental health problems in children who have experienced adversity. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 118 %P 101–109 %G eng %U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796719300725 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008 %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2019 %T The Consequences of Foster Care Versus Institutional Care in Early Childhood on Adolescent Cardiometabolic and Immune Markers: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial %A Slopen, Natalie %A Tang, Alva %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A McDade, Thomas W. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %X

Objective: Children exposed to institutional rearing often exhibit problems across a broad array of developmental domains. We compared the consequences of long-term, high-quality foster care versus standard institution-based care, which began in early childhood on cardio- metabolic and immune markers assessed at the time of adolescence.
Methods: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project is a longitudinal investigation of children institutionalized during early childhood (ages 6 to 30 months at baseline) who were subsequently randomized to either high-quality foster care or continued institutional care. At the age of 16 years, 127 respondents participated in a biomarker collection protocol, including 44 institutionalized children randomly assigned to receive care as usual, 41 institutionalized children randomized to be removed from institutional care and placed in high-quality foster care in infancy, and a control group of 42 demographically matched children raised in biological families. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, gly- cosylated hemoglobin A1c, and Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers.

Results: Early institutional rearing was not associated with differences in cardiometabolic or immune markers. Randomization to foster care and age of placement into foster care were also unrelated to these markers, with the exception of BMI z-score, where children assigned to care as usual had lower BMI z-scores relative to children assigned to foster care (−0.23 versus 0.08, p = .06), and older age at placement was associated with lower BMI (β = −0.07, p = .03).

Conclusions: The impact of institutional rearing on measures of cardiometabolic health and immune system functioning is either absent or not evident until later in development. These findings provide new insights into the biological embedding of adversity and how it varies developmentally and across regulatory systems and adversity type.

%B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 81 %P 449–457 %G eng %U http://Insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00006842-201906000-00007 %N 5 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000696 %0 Journal Article %J Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %D 2019 %T Race/ethnicity, nativity, and lifetime risk of mental disorders in US adults %A Alvarez, Kiara %A Fillbrunn, Mirko %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Jackson, James S. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sadikova, Ekaterina %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Alegría, Margarita %X Purpose  There has been no comprehensive examination of how race/ethnicity and nativity intersect in explaining differences in lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among Asian, Black, Latino, and White adults. This study aims to estimate racial/ ethnic differences in lifetime risk of mental disorders and examine how group differences vary by nativity. Methods  Survival models were used to estimate racial/ethnic and nativity differences in lifetime risk of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in a nationally representative sample of over 20,000 respondents to four US surveys. Results  Asians had the lowest lifetime prevalence of mental disorders (23.5%), followed by Blacks (37.0%), Latinos (38.8%), and Whites (45.6%). Asians and Blacks had lower lifetime risk than Whites for all disorders even after adjusting for nativity; Latinos and Whites had similar risk after adjusting for nativity. Risk of disorder onset was lowest for foreign-born respondents in years before migration. There were significant race/ethnicity and nativity interactions for mood and substance use disorders. Odds of mood disorder onset were higher for Whites with at least one US-born parent. Odds of substance use disorder onset among Asians were higher for US-born respondents; for Latinos, they were higher for those with at least one US-born parent. Conclusions  Parental foreign-born nativity is associated with a low risk of mental disorders, but not uniformly across racial/ ethnic groups or disorders. Exposure to the US context may be associated with greater mental disorder risk for Latinos and Whites particularly. Investigations of cultural processes, including among Whites, are needed to understand group differences. %B Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %V 54 %P 553–565 %G eng %U http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00127-018-1644-5 %N 5 %R 10.1007/s00127-018-1644-5 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2019 %T Extinction Learning as a Potential Mechanism Linking High Vagal Tone with Lower PTSD Symptoms among Abused Youth %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Rosen, Maya L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Child abuse %K Fear extinction %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K Respiratory sinus arrhythmia %K Resting vagal tone %X Childhood abuse is a potent risk factor for psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown high resting vagal tone, a measure of parasympathetic nervous system function, protects abused youth from developing internalizing psychopathology, but potential mechanisms explaining this effect are unknown. We explored fear extinction learning as a possible mechanism underlying the protective effect of vagal tone on PTSD symptoms among abused youth. We measured resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance responses (SCR) during a fear conditioning and extinction task in youth with variability in abuse exposure (N = 94; aged 6–18 years). High RSA predicted lower PTSD symptoms and enhanced extinction learning among abused youths. In a moderated-mediation model, extinction learning mediated the association of abuse with PTSD symptoms only among youth with high RSA. These findings highlight extinction learning as a possible mechanism linking high vagal tone to decreased risk for PTSD symptoms among abused youth. %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 47 %P 659–670 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0464-0 %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10802-018-0464-0 %0 Journal Article %J Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience %D 2019 %T Differential Associations between Deprivation and Threat With Cognitive Control and Fear Conditioning in Early Childhood %A Machlin, Laura %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Snyder, Jenna %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K cognitive control %K DEPRIVATION %K Early Childhood %K Fear conditioning %K Threat %X Early-life adversity (ELA) is strongly associated with risk for psychopathology. Within adversity, deprivation and threat may lead to psychopathology through different intermediary pathways. Specifically, deprivation, defined as the absence of expected cognitive and social inputs, is associated with lower performance on complex cognitive tasks whereas threatening experiences, defined as the presence of experiences that reflect harm to the child, are associated with atypical fear learning and emotional processes. However, distinct associations of deprivation and threat on behavioral outcomes have not been examined in early childhood. The present study examines how deprivation and threat are associated with cognitive and emotional outcomes in early childhood. Children 4-7 years old (N=63) completed behavioral tasks assessing cognitive control and fear conditioning; deprivation and threat were assessed using child interview and parent questionnaires. Regression analyses were performed including deprivation and threat scores and controls for age, gender and IQ. Because this is the first time these variables have been examined in early childhood, interactions with age were also examined. Deprivation, but not threat was associated with worse performance on the cognitive control task. Threat, but not deprivation interacted with age to predict fear learning. Young children who experienced high levels of threat showed evidence of fear learning measured by differential skin conductance response even at the earliest age measured. In contrast, for children not exposed to threat, fear learning emerged only in older ages. Children who experienced higher levels of threat also showed blunted reactivity measured by amplitude of skin conductance response to the reinforced stimuli regardless of age. Results suggest differential influences of deprivation and threat on cognitive and emotional outcomes even in early childhood. Future work should examine the neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral changes and link changes with increased risk for negative outcomes associated with adversity exposure, such as psychopathology. %B Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience %V 13 %G eng %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00080/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Behavioral_Neuroscience&id=452919 %R 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00080 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2019 %T Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A DeCross, Stephanie N. %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Tottenham, Nim %K childhood adversity %K development %K early intervention %K early-life stress %K Learning %K psychopathology %X Exposure to childhood adversity is common and a powerful risk factor for many forms of psychopathology. In this opinion piece, we argue for greater translation of knowledge about the developmental processes that are influenced by childhood adversity into targeted interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology. Existing evidence has consistently identified several neurodevelopmental pathways that serve as mechanisms linking adversity with psychopathology. We highlight three domains in which these mechanisms are well-established and point to clear targets for intervention: 1) threat-related social information processing biases; 2) heightened emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation; and 3) disruptions in reward processing. In contrast to these established pathways, knowledge of how childhood adversity influences emotional learning mechanisms, including fear and reward learning, is remarkably limited. We see the investigation of these mechanisms as a critical next step for the field that will not only advance understanding of developmental pathways linking childhood adversity with psychopathology, but also provide clear targets for behavioral interventions. Knowledge of the mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology has advanced rapidly, and the time has come to translate that knowledge into clinical interventions to prevent the onset of mental health problems in children who have experienced adversity. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 118 %P 101–109 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005796719300725 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2019 %T Do Sensitive Periods Exist for Exposure to Adversity? %A Gabard-Durnam, Laurel J. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 85 %P 789–791 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632231931145X %N 10 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.975 %0 Journal Article %J Comprehensive Psychiatry %D 2019 %T Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Variation by nativity and socioeconomic status %A Vilsaint, Corrie L. %A NeMoyer, Amanda %A Fillbrunn, Mirko %A Sadikova, Ekaterina %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Alvarez, Kiara %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Chen, Ruijia %A Williams, David R. %A Jackson, James S. %A Alegría, Margarita %K Disorder persistence %K Disorder prevalence %K ethnicity %K Mental Health %K Race %K Socioeconomic status %X Background Despite equivalent or lower lifetime and past-year prevalence of mental disorder among racial/ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites in the United States, evidence suggests that mental disorders are more persistent among minorities than non-Latino Whites. But, it is unclear how nativity and socioeconomic status contribute to observed racial/ethnic differences in prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance disorders. Method Data were examined from a coordinated series of four national surveys that together assessed 21,024 Asian, non-Latino Black, Latino, and non-Latino White adults between 2001 and 2003. Common DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Logistic regression analyses examined how several predictors (e.g., race/ethnicity, nativity, education, income) and the interactions between those predictors were associated with both 12-month disorder prevalence and 12-month prevalence among lifetime cases. For the second series of analyses, age of onset and time since onset were used as additional control variables to indirectly estimate disorder persistence. Results Non-Latino Whites demonstrated the highest unadjusted 12-month prevalence of all disorder types (p \textless 0.001), though differences were also observed across minority groups. In contrast, Asian, Latino, and Black adults demonstrated higher 12-month prevalence of mood disorders among lifetime cases than Whites (p \textless 0.001) prior to adjustments Once we introduced nativity and other relevant controls (e.g., age, sex, urbanicity), US-born Whites with at least one US-born parent demonstrated higher 12-month mood disorder prevalence than foreign-born Whites or US-born Whites with two foreign parents (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = [0.36, 0.73]); this group also demonstrated higher odds of past-year mood disorder than Asian (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = [0.42, 0.82]) and Black (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = [0.58, 0.83]) adults, but not Latino adults (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = [0.74, 1.06]). Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month mood and substance disorder prevalence were moderated by educational attainment, especially among adults without a college education. Additionally, racial/ethnic minority groups with no more than a high school education demonstrated more persistent mood and substance disorders than non-Latino Whites; these relationships reversed or disappeared at higher education levels. Conclusion Nativity may be a particularly relevant consideration for diagnosing mood disorder among non-Latino Whites; additionally, lower education appears to be associated with increased relative risk of persistent mood and substance use disorders among racial/ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. %B Comprehensive Psychiatry %V 89 %P 52–60 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X18302104 %R 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.008 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2019 %T Early Experiences of Threat, but Not Deprivation, Are Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging in Children and Adolescents %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Colich, Natalie L. %A Uddin, Monica %A Armstrong, Don %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K DEPRIVATION %K DNA methylation age %K early life adversity %K Pubertal stage %K Threat %K Youths %X

Background: Recent conceptual models argue that early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, which may contribute to poor mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence for accelerated development in youths comes from studies of telomere shortening or advanced pubertal development following circumscribed ELA experiences and neuroimaging studies of circuits involved in emotional processing. It is unclear whether all ELA is associated with accelerated development across global metrics of biological aging or whether this pattern emerges following specific adversity types.

Methods: In 247 children and adolescents 8 to 16 years of age with wide variability in ELA exposure, we evaluated the hypothesis that early environments characterized by threat, but not deprivation, would be associated with accelerated development across two global biological aging metrics: DNA methylation (DNAm) age and pubertal stage relative to chronological age. We also examined whether accelerated development explained associations of ELA with depressive symptoms and externalizing problems.

Results: Exposure to threat-related ELA (e.g., violence) was associated with accelerated DNAm age and advanced pubertal stage, but exposure to deprivation (e.g., neglect, food insecurity) was not. In models including both ELA types, threat-related ELA was uniquely associated with accelerated DNAm age (β = .18) and advanced pubertal stage (β = .28), whereas deprivation was uniquely associated with delayed pubertal stage (β = -.21). Older DNAm age was related to greater depressive symptoms, and a significant indirect effect of threat exposure on depressive symptoms was observed through DNAm age.

Conclusions: Early threat-related experiences are particularly associated with accelerated biological aging in youths, which may be a mechanism linking ELA with depressive symptoms.

%B Biological Psychiatry %V 85 %P 268–278 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322318318511 %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2019 %T Intellectual disability and mental disorders in a US population representative sample of adolescents %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Kaufman, Alan S. %K Adaptive behavior %K adolescence %K intellectual disability %K Intelligence %K Mental Disorders %K psychopathology %X

BACKGROUND: Most research on the prevalence, distribution, and psychiatric comorbidity of intellectual disability (ID) relies on clinical samples, limiting the generalizability and utility of ID assessment in a legal context. This study assessed ID prevalence in a population-representative sample of US adolescents and examined associations of ID with socio-demographic factors and mental disorders.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (N = 6256). ID was defined as: (1) IQ ? 76, measured using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test; (2) an adaptive behavior score ?76, and (3) age of onset ?18 measured using a validated scale. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed 15 lifetime mental disorders. The Sheehan disability scale assessed disorder severity. We used logistic regression models to estimate differences in lifetime disorders for adolescents with and without ID.

RESULTS: ID prevalence was 3.2%. Among adolescents with ID, 65.1% met lifetime criteria for a mental disorder. ID status was associated with specific phobia, agoraphobia, and bipolar disorder, but not behavior disorders after adjustment for socio-demographics. Adolescents with ID and mental disorders were significantly more likely to exhibit severe impairment than those without ID.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight how sample selection and overlap between ID and psychopathology symptoms might bias understanding of the mental health consequences of ID. For example, associations between ID and behavior disorders widely reported in clinical samples were not observed in a population-representative sample after adjustment for socio-demographic confounders. Valid assessment and understanding of these constructs may prove influential in the legal system by influencing treatment referrals and capital punishment decisions.General Scientific SummaryCurrent definitions of intellectual disability (ID) are based on three criteria: formal designation of low intelligence through artificial problem-solving tasks, impairment in one's ability to function in his/her social environment, and early age of onset. In a national population sample of adolescents, the majority of those with ID met criteria for a lifetime mental disorder. Phobias and bipolar disorder, but not behavior disorders, were elevated in adolescents with ID. Findings highlight the need to consider how behavioral problems are conceptualized and classified in people with ID.

%B Psychological Medicine %V 81 %P 449-457 %8 jul %G eng %R 10.1017/S0033291718001605 %0 Journal Article %J Child Development %D 2019 %T Differential Associations of Distinct Forms of Childhood Adversity With Neurobehavioral Measures of Reward Processing: Neurodevelopmental Pathways to Depression %A Dennison, Meg J. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Childhood adversity is associated with altered reward processing, but little is known about whether this varies across distinct types of adversity. In a sample of 94 children (6-19 years), we investigated whether experiences of material deprivation, emotional deprivation, and trauma have differential associations with reward-related behavior and white matter microstructure in tracts involved in reward processing. Material deprivation (food insecurity), but not emotional deprivation or trauma, was associated with poor reward performance. Adversity-related influences on the integrity of white matter microstructure in frontostriatal tracts varied across childhood adversity types, and reductions in frontostriatal white matter integrity mediated the association of food insecurity with depressive symptoms. These findings document distinct behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences of specific forms of adversity that have implications for psychopathology risk. %B Child Development %V 90 %P e96-e113 %8 dec %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13011 %N 1 %R 10.1111/cdev.13011 %0 Book Section %B The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions %D 2018 %T What develops during emotional development? Normative trajectories and sources of psychopathology risk in adolescence %A Somerville, L. H. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X

Adolescents are frequently portrayed as emotionally volatile, emotionally unhinged, emotionally clueless, and emotionally obsessed. Although these portrayals are overly dramatic, they are at least partially consistent with “storm and stress” theories of adolescence (Arnett, 1999). Although adolescents are overall more happy than unhappy (Larson et al., 2002), evidence does suggest that adolescents experience frequent and intense emotions that accompany a marked increase in their risk for mental disorders characterized by problems with emotion regulation. Here, we take a process-level perspective to evaluate why emotions “run hot” during adolescence.

%B The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions %7 2 %I Oxford University Press %P 386-389 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2018 %T Current methods and limitations for longitudinal fMRI analysis across development %A Madhyastha, Tara %A Peverill, Matthew %A Koh, Natalie %A McCabe, Connor %A Flournoy, John %A Mills, Kate %A King, Kevin %A Pfeifer, Jennifer %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Developmental change %K Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) %K General Linear Model %K Longitudinal modeling %K Structural Equation Modeling %X The human brain is remarkably plastic. The brain changes dramatically across development, with ongoing functional development continuing well into the third decade of life and substantial changes occurring again in older age. Dynamic changes in brain function are thought to underlie the innumerable changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior that occur across development. The brain also changes in response to experience, which raises important questions about how the environment influences the developing brain. Longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are an essential means of understanding these developmental changes and their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral correlates. This paper provides an overview of common statistical models of longitudinal change applicable to developmental cognitive neuroscience, and a review of the functionality provided by major software packages for longitudinal fMRI analysis. We demonstrate that there are important developmental questions that cannot be answered using available software. We propose alternative approaches for addressing problems that are commonly faced in modeling developmental change with fMRI data. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 33 %P 118–128 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929317300713 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.11.006 %0 Journal Article %J The Journal of Pediatrics %D 2018 %T Caregiving Disruptions Affect Growth and Pubertal Development in Early Adolescence in Institutionalized and Fostered Romanian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial %A Johnson, Dana E. %A Tang, Alva %A Almas, Alisa N. %A Degnan, Kathryn A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Stacy S. Drury %K child maltreatment %K child neglect %K early adversity %K foster care %K menarche %K sex %X OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of foster care vs institutional care, as well as disruptions in the caregiving environment on physical development through early adolescence. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled trial of 114 institutionalized, though otherwise healthy, children from 6 orphanages and 51 never institutionalized control children living in birth families (family care group) in Bucharest, Romania. Children were followed from baseline (21 months, range 5-31) through age 12 years for caregiving disruptions and growth trajectories and through age 14 years for pubertal development. RESULTS: Children randomized to the foster care group showed greater rates of growth in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) through age 12 years than institutionalized group. Tanner development was delayed in institutionalized group boys compared with foster care group and family care group boys at 12 but not 14 years. There were no differences in Tanner development and age of menarche among foster care group, institutionalized group, and family care group girls at ages 12 and 14 years. More disruptions in caregiving between 30 months and 12 years moderated decreases in growth rates of height in foster care group and weight in foster care group and institutionalized group across age. institutionalized group boys with >=2 disruptions showed lower Tanner scores at age 12 vs institutionalized group and foster care group boys with \textless2 disruptions. foster care group girls with >=2 disruptions had higher Tanner scores at age 14 vs foster care group girls with \textless2 disruptions. Age of menarche was not affected by caregiving disruptions. CONCLUSIONS: For children who experienced early institutionalization, stable placement within family care is essential to ensuring the best outcomes for physical developmental. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00747396. %B The Journal of Pediatrics %V 203 %P 345-354.e3 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.027 %0 Journal Article %J Aggressive Behavior %D 2018 %T The co-occurrence and correlates of anxiety disorders among adolescents with intermittent explosive disorder %A Galbraith, Todd %A Carliner, Hannah %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A McCloskey, Michael S. %A Heimberg, Richard G. %K adolescents %K Aggression %K Anxiety %K anxiety disorders %K IED %X We examined the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders (ADs) among adolescents with lifetime intermittent explosive disorder (IED), as well as the impact of co-occurring ADs on anger attack frequency and persistence, additional comorbidity, impairment, and treatment utilization among adolescents with IED. IED was defined by the occurrence of at least three anger attacks that were disproportionate to the provocation within a single year. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (N = 6,140), and diagnoses were based on structured lay-administered interviews. Over half (51.89%) of adolescents with IED had an AD, compared to only 22.88% of adolescents without IED. Compared to adolescents with IED alone, adolescents with IED and comorbid ADs: (a) were more likely to be female; (b) reported greater impairment in work/school, social, and overall functioning; (c) were more likely to receive an additional psychiatric diagnosis, a depressive or drug abuse diagnosis, or diagnoses of three or more additional disorders; and (d) had higher odds of receiving any mental/behavioral health treatment as well as treatment specifically focused on aggression. Adolescents with IED alone and those with comorbid ADs did not differ in the number of years experiencing anger attacks or the highest number of anger attacks in a given year. ADs frequently co-occur with IED and are associated with elevated comorbidity and greater impairment compared to IED alone. Gaining a better understanding of this comorbidity is essential for developing specialized and effective methods to screen and treat comorbid anxiety in adolescents with aggressive behavior problems. %B Aggressive Behavior %V 44 %P 581-590 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1002/ab.21783 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2018 %T Dimensions of deprivation, threat, psychopathology, and potential mediators: A multi-year longitudinal analysis %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Hanson, Jamie L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A E. Bates, John %A E. Lansford, Jennifer %A S. Pettit, Gregory %A A. Dodge, Kenneth %X Prior research demonstrates a link between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology later in development. However, work on mechanisms linking adversity to psychopathology fails to account for specificity in these pathways across different types of adversity. Here, we test a conceptual model that distinguishes deprivation and threat as distinct forms of childhood adversity with different pathways to psychopathology. Deprivation involves an absence of inputs from the environment, such as cognitive and social stimulation, that influence psychopathology by altering cognitive development, such as verbal abilities. Threat includes experiences involving harm or threat of harm that increase risk for psychopathology through disruptions in social-emotional processing. We test the prediction that deprivation, but not threat, increases risk for psychopathology through altered verbal abilities. Data were drawn from the Child Development Project (N = 585), which followed children for over a decade. We analyze data from assessment points at age 5, 6, 14, and 17 years. Mothers completed interviews at age 5 and 6 on exposure to threat and deprivation experiences. Youth verbal abilities were assessed at age 14. At age 17, mothers reported on child psychopathology. A path analysis model tested longitudinal paths to internalizing and externalizing problems from experiences of deprivation and threat. Consistent with predictions, deprivation was associated with risk for externalizing problems via effects on verbal abilities at age 14. Threat was associated longitudinally with both internalizing and externalizing problems, but these effects were not mediated by verbal abilities. Results suggest that unique developmental mechanisms link different forms of adversity with psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 127 %P 160–170 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1037/abn0000331 %0 Journal Article %J Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences %D 2018 %T Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms %A Duffy, Korrina A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Paige A. %K delay discounting %K early life adversity %K Emotion regulation %K emotional reactivity %K health neuroscience %K health-risk behaviors %K reward responsivity %X Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least in part, by increased engagement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in HRBs. We argue that ELA alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well as emotional processing, including networks involved in processing threat and reward. These neural changes are associated psychologically and behaviorally with heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poorer emotion regulation, and greater delay discounting. We then demonstrate that these adaptations to ELA are associated with an increased risk of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high-fat, high-sugar foods. Furthermore, we explore how HRBs affect the brain in ways that reinforce addiction and further explain clustering of HRBs. %B Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences %V 1428 %P 151-169 %8 jul %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/nyas.13928 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2018 %T Peer effects on self-regulation in adolescence depend on the nature and quality of the peer interaction %A King, Kevin M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Silk, Jennifer %A Monahan, Kathryn C. %X Adolescence is a critical period for the development of self-regulation, and peer interactions are thought to strongly influence regulation ability. Simple exposure to peers has been found to alter decisions about risky behaviors and increase sensitivity to rewards. The link between peer exposure and self-regulation is likely to vary as a function of the type and quality of peer interaction (e.g., rejection or acceptance). Little is known about how the nature of interactions with peers influences different dimensions of self-regulation. We examined how randomization to acceptance or rejection by online "virtual" peers influenced multiple dimensions of self-regulation in a multisite community sample of 273 adolescents aged 16-17 years. Compared to a neutral condition, exposure to peers produced increases in cold cognitive control, but decreased hot cognitive control. Relative to peer acceptance, peer rejection reduced distress tolerance and increased sensitivity to losses. These findings suggest that different dimensions of adolescent self-regulation are influenced by the nature of the peer context: basic cognitive functions are altered by mere exposure to peers, whereas more complex decision making and emotion regulation processes are influenced primarily by the quality of that exposure. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 29 %P 1777-1794 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1017/S0954579417001560 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Epidemiology %D 2018 %T Targeted estimation of the effects of childhood adversity on fluid intelligence in a U.S. population sample of adolescents. %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Luedtke, Alex R. %A Ahern, Jennifer %A Kaufman, Alan S. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %X Many studies have shown inverse associations between childhood adversity and intelligence, although most are based on small clinical samples and fail to account for the effects of multiple co-occurring adversities. Using data from the 2001-2004 National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement, a cross-sectional US population study of adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 10,073), we examined the associations between 11 childhood adversities and intelligence, using targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation incorporates machine learning to identify the relationships between exposures and outcomes without overfitting, including interactions and nonlinearity. The nonverbal score from the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test was used as a standardized measure of fluid reasoning. Childhood adversities were grouped into deprivation and threat types based on recent conceptual models. Adjusted marginal mean differences compared the mean intelligence score if all adolescents experienced each adversity to the mean in the absence of the adversity. The largest associations were observed for deprivation-type experiences, including poverty and low parental education, which were related to reduced intelligence. Although lower in magnitude, threat events related to intelligence included physical abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Violence prevention and poverty-reduction measures would likely improve childhood cognitive outcomes. %B American Journal of Epidemiology %V 187 %P 1456–1466 %8 jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1093/aje/kwy006 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2018 %T Violence exposure and neural systems underlying working memory for emotional stimuli in youth %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Dennison, Meg J. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Violence exposure during childhood is common and associated with poor cognitive and academic functioning. However, little is known about how violence exposure influences cognitive processes that might contribute to these disparities, such as working memory, or their neural underpinnings, particularly for cognitive processes that occur in emotionally salient contexts. We address this gap in a sample of 54 participants aged 8 to 19 years (50% female), half with exposure to interpersonal violence. Participants completed a delayed match to sample task for emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Violence-exposed youth performed worse than controls on happy and neutral, but not angry, trials. In whole-brain analysis, violence-exposed youth had reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus and temporal-parietal junction during retrieval compared to control youth. Reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus during retrieval mediated the association between violence exposure and task performance. Violence exposure influences the frontoparietal network that supports working memory as well as regions involved in facial processing during working memory for emotional stimuli. Reduced neural recruitment in these regions may explain atypical patterns of cognitive processing seen among violence-exposed youth, particularly within emotional contexts. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 30 %P 1517–1528 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1017/S0954579417001638 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence %D 2018 %T Disruptions in Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism Linking Community Violence Exposure to Adolescent Internalizing Problems %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A King, Kevin M. %A Monahan, Kathryn C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Although community violence is an established risk factor for youth aggression, less research has examined its relation with internalizing psychopathology. This study examined associations of community violence exposure with internalizing symptoms, and state and trait emotion dysregulation as mechanisms underlying these associations, in 287 adolescents aged 16-17 (45.6% male; 40.8% White). Community violence exposure was associated with internalizing symptoms, negative affect during peer evaluation, trait emotional reactivity, and infrequent problem solving. Multiple emotion dysregulation indices were also associated with internalizing symptoms. In simultaneous multiple mediator models, indirect effects of community violence on internalizing problems were significantly explained by state and trait emotion dysregulation. Findings implicate emotion dysregulation as one mechanism linking community violence exposure to adolescent internalizing symptoms. %B Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence %V 28 %P 229–244 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/jora.12328 %0 Journal Article %J Nature Communications %D 2018 %T Early deprivation disruption of associative learning: A developmental pathway to depression and social problems in adolescence. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Winter, Warren %A Fox, Nathan %A Zeanah, Charles %A Nelson, Charles A. %X Early childhood deprivation such as institutionalization can greatly affect early development. Here, the authors study children who were raised in institutions but later randomly placed in foster care vs. not, to understand how early-life deprivation affects associative learning in adolescence. %B Nature Communications %V 9 %P 2216 %G eng %U https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04381-8 %N 1 %R 10.1038/s41467-018-04381-8 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2018 %T Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation %A Humphreys, Kathryn L. %A Miron, Devi %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %K adaptive functioning %K foster care %K Institutional care %K resilience %X Background Experiences in early life lay the foundation for later development and functioning. Severe psychosocial deprivation, as experienced by children in early institutional care, constitutes an adverse experience with long-term negative consequences. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project sought to examine the effects of foster care as an alternative to institutional care for abandoned infants in Romanian institutions. Methods At a mean age of 22 months, institutionalized children were randomized to foster care or care as usual. At age 12 years, we followed-up with 98 of these children (50 randomized to foster care), as well as assessed 49 never institutionalized comparison children. Adaptive functioning was assessed across seven domains—mental health, physical health, substance use, risk-taking behavior, family relations, peer relations, and academic performance. Children at or above the threshold for adaptive functioning in at least six of seven domains were classified as having overall adaptive functioning in early adolescence. Results Among all children who had experienced severe early deprivation, 40% exhibited adaptive functioning. Children randomized to foster care were significantly more likely to exhibit adaptive functioning at age 12 years than children in the care as usual condition (56% vs. 23%). In support of external validity, children who met the threshold for adaptive functioning at age 12 years had higher IQs and were more physiologically responsive to stress. Among children randomized to foster care, children placed prior to age 20 months were more likely to meet the threshold for adaptive functioning than those placed after this age (79% vs. 46%). Conclusions This study provides causal evidence that placing children into families following severe deprivation increases the likelihood of adaptive functioning in early adolescence. %B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 59 %P 811–821 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcpp.12865 %N 7 %R 10.1111/jcpp.12865 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %D 2018 %T Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation %A Miller, Adam Bryant %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Busso, Daniel S. %A Brueck, Stephanie %A Peverill, Matthew %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent suicide %K Cognitive reappraisal %K DLPFC %K Emotion regulation %K Suicidal ideation %K Top-down control %X Background Research on the neural correlates associated with risk for suicidal ideation (SI) has been limited, particularly in one increasingly at-risk group—adolescents. Previous research with adolescents indicates that poor emotion regulation skills are linked with SI, but these studies have not previously examined neural activation in service of emotion regulation between those with and without SI histories. Methods Here we examine whether SI is associated with neural responses during an emotion regulation functional magnetic resonance imaging task in a group of adolescents (N = 49) 13 to 20 years of age (mean = 16.95). Results While there were no differences between youths with and without SI in self-reported emotional responses to negative pictures, youths with SI activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex more than youths without SI on trials in which they attempted to regulate their emotional responses compared with trials in which they passively viewed negative pictures. In contrast, during passive viewing of negative stimuli, youths with SI activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, and cerebellum less than same-age control subjects. Conclusions These findings were robust to control subjects for depression and adversity exposure and are consistent with the idea that youths with SI have disrupted emotion regulation, potentially related to differences in recruitment of top-down control regions. In contrast, youths without SI activated regions implicated in emotion regulation even when not directed to effortfully control their emotional response. This is the first study to examine neural function during emotion regulation as a potential neural correlate of risk for SI in adolescents. %B Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging %V 3 %P 125–132 %8 feb %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451902217301489 %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.08.008 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Science %D 2018 %T The Nonlinear Development of Emotion Differentiation: Granular Emotional Experience Is Low in Adolescence %A Nook, Erik C. %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Somerville, Leah H. %X People differ in how specifically they separate affective experiences into different emotion types—a skill called emotion differentiation or emotional granularity. Although increased emotion differentiation has been associated with positive mental health outcomes, little is known about its development. Participants (N = 143) between the ages of 5 and 25 years completed a laboratory measure of negative emotion differentiation in which they rated how much a series of aversive images made them feel angry, disgusted, sad, scared, and upset. Emotion-differentiation scores were computed using intraclass correlations. Emotion differentiation followed a nonlinear developmental trajectory: It fell from childhood to adolescence and rose from adolescence to adulthood. Mediation analyses suggested that an increased tendency to report feeling emotions one at a time explained elevated emotion differentiation in childhood. Importantly, two other mediators (intensity of emotional experiences and scale use) did not explain this developmental trend. Hence, low emotion differentiation in adolescence may arise because adolescents have little experience conceptualizing co-occurring emotions. %B Psychological Science %V 29 %P 1346–1357 %8 aug %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618773357 %N 8 %R 10.1177/0956797618773357 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2018 %T The Role of Visual Association Cortex in Associative Memory Formation across Development %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Peverill, Matthew R. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Associative learning underlies the formation of new episodic memories. Associative memory improves across development, and this age-related improvement is supported by the development of the hippocampus and pFC. Recent work, however, additionally suggests a role for visual association cortex in the formation of associative memories. This study investigated the role of category-preferential visual processing regions in associative memory across development using a paired associate learning task in a sample of 56 youths (age 6-19 years). Participants were asked to bind an emotional face with an object while undergoing fMRI scanning. Outside the scanner, participants completed a memory test. We first investigated age-related changes in neural recruitment and found linear age-related increases in activation in lateral occipital cortex and fusiform gyrus, which are involved in visual processing of objects and faces, respectively. Furthermore, greater activation in these visual processing regions was associated with better subsequent memory for pairs over and above the effect of age and of hippocampal and pFC activation on performance. Recruitment of these visual processing regions mediated the association between age and memory performance, over and above the effects of hippocampal activation. Taken together, these findings extend the existing literature to suggest that greater recruitment of category-preferential visual processing regions during encoding of associative memories is a neural mechanism explaining improved memory across development. %B Journal of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 39 %P 365–380 %8 mar %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01202 %N 3 %R 10.1162/jocn_a_01202 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Science %D 2018 %T Salience network response to changes in emotional expressions of others is heightened during early adolescence: relevance for social functioning %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Dennison, Meg J. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Askren, Mary K. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the salience of social and emotional information becomes particularly pronounced. Although this increased sensitivity to social and emotional information has frequently been considered with respect to risk behaviors and psychopathology, evidence suggests that increased adolescent sensitivity to social and emotional cues may confer advantages. For example, greater sensitivity to shifts in the emotions of others is likely to promote flexible and adaptive social behavior. In this study, a sample of 54 children and adolescents (age 8–19 years) performed a delayed match-to-sample task for emotional faces while undergoing fMRI scanning. Recruitment of the anterior cingulate and anterior insula when the emotion of the probe face did not match the emotion held in memory followed a quadratic developmental pattern that peaked during early adolescence. These findings indicate meaningful developmental variation in the neural mechanisms underlying sensitivity to changes in the emotional expressions. Across all participants, greater activation of this network for changes in emotional expression was associated with less social anxiety and fewer social problems. These results suggest that the heightened salience of social and emotional information during adolescence may confer important advantages for social behavior, providing sensitivity to others’ emotions that facilitates flexible social responding. %B Developmental Science %V 21 %P e12571 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.12571 %N 3 %R 10.1111/desc.12571 %0 Journal Article %J Psychoneuroendocrinology %D 2018 %T Sexual orientation and salivary alpha-amylase diurnal rhythms in a cohort of U.S. young adults %A Austin, S. Bryn %A Rosario, Margaret %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Roberts, Andrea L. %A Sarda, Vishnudas %A Yu, Kimberly %A Missmer, Stacey %A Anatale-Tardiff, Laura %A Scherer, Emily A. %K Alpha-amylase %K Diurnal rhythm %K sAA %K Sexual orientation %K SNS %K Sympathetic Nervous System %K Young adults %X Sexual minorities in the United States are at elevated risk of prejudice, discrimination, and violence victimization due to stigma associated with their sexual orientation. These stressors may contribute to physiological stress responses and changes in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). To date, no studies have examined the associations among minority sexual orientation, recent stressful events, and diurnal salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) patterns. The present study included 1663 young adults ages 18–32 years (31% men, 69% women) from the Growing Up Today Study, a prospective cohort of U.S. youth. Participants provided five saliva samples over the course of one day to estimate diurnal sAA patterns. Sexual orientation groups included completely heterosexual with no same-sex partners (CH; referent), mostly heterosexual/completely heterosexual with same-sex partners, and gay/lesbian/bisexual (LB or GB). Sex-stratified multilevel models were fit to evaluate the association of sexual orientation with diurnal patterns of log sAA. The association of recent stressful events was also evaluated. Among women, sexual minorities scored significantly higher than CH on perceived stress and number of stressful events in the past month (p \textless 0.05). Among men, sexual minorities scored higher than CH on perceived stress but not recent stressful events. In multivariable models, recent stressful events were not associated with sAA patterns, but significant sexual orientation group differences in sAA diurnal rhythm were observed among women though not among men. Compared to CH women, LB showed a blunted awakening response and elevated sAA levels across the day, both indicators consistent with SNS dysregulation. Findings suggest dysregulation of stress physiology in LB women, but not other sexual minority women or men, relative to same-sex heterosexuals. Observed dysregulation may relate to exposure among LB women to chronic stressors associated with sexual orientation stigma, although these relations and differences by sex warrant further study. %B Psychoneuroendocrinology %V 97 %P 78–85 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453018300891 %R 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.006 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2018 %T Smaller hippocampal and amygdala volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multi-site ENIGMAPGC study. %A Logue, Mark W. %A van Rooij, Sanne J. H. %A Dennis, Emily L. %A Davis, Sarah L. %A Hayes, Jasmeet P. %A Stevens, Jennifer S. %A Densmore, Maria %A Haswell, Courtney C. %A Ipser, Jonathan %A Koch, Saskia B. J. %A Korgaonkar, Mayuresh %A Lebois, Lauren A. M. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Baker, Justin T. %A Boedhoe, Premika S. W. %A Frijling, Jessie L. %A Gruber, Staci A. %A Harpaz-Rotem, Ilan %A Jahanshad, Neda %A Koopowitz, Sheri %A Levy, Ifat %A Nawijn, Laura %A O’Connor, Lauren %A Olff, Miranda %A Salat, David H. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Spielberg, Jeffrey M. %A van Zuiden, Mirjam %A Winternitz, Sherry R. %A Wolff, Jonathan D. %A Wolf, Erika J. %A Wang, Xin %A Wrocklage, Kristen %A Abdallah, Chadi G. %A Bryant, Richard A. %A Geuze, Elbert %A Jovanovic, Tanja %A Kaufman, Milissa L. %A King, Anthony P. %A Krystal, John H. %A Lagopoulos, Jim %A Bennett, Maxwell %A Lanius, Ruth %A Liberzon, Israel %A McGlinchey, Regina E. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Milberg, William P. %A Miller, Mark W. %A Ressler, Kerry J. %A Veltman, Dick J. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Thomaes, Kathleen %A Paul M. Thompson %A Morey, Rajendra A. %K Amygdala %K Childhood trauma %K Gender differences %K hippocampus %K PTSD %K Structural MRI %X Many studies report smaller hippocampal and amygdala volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but findings have not always been consistent. Here, we present the results of a large-scale neuroimaging consortium study on PTSD conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC)–Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) PTSD Working Group. We analyzed neuroimaging and clinical data from 1868 subjects (794 PTSD patients) contributed by 16 cohorts, representing the largest neuroimaging study of PTSD to date. We assessed the volumes of eight subcortical structures (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and lateral ventricle). We used a standardized image-analysis and quality-control pipeline established by the ENIGMA consortium. In a meta-analysis of all samples, we found significantly smaller hippocampi in subjects with current PTSD compared with trauma-exposed control subjects (Cohen’s d = -0.17, p = .00054), and smaller amygdalae (d = -0.11, p = .025), although the amygdala finding did not survive a significance level that was Bonferroni corrected for multiple subcortical region comparisons (p \textless .0063). Our study is not subject to the biases of meta-analyses of published data, and it represents an important milestone in an ongoing collaborative effort to examine the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD and the brain’s response to trauma. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 83 %P 244–253 %8 feb %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632231731990X %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.006 %0 Journal Article %J NeuroImage %D 2018 %T Socioeconomic disparities in academic achievement: A multi-modal investigation of neural mechanisms in children and adolescents %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Andrew N. Meltzoff %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Academic achievement %K Cognitive stimulation %K Frontoparietal network %K Functional MRI %K Socioeconomic status %K White Matter %X Growing evidence suggests that childhood socioeconomic status (SES) influences neural development, which may contribute to the well-documented SES-related disparities in academic achievement. However, the particular aspects of SES that impact neural structure and function are not well understood. Here, we investigate associations of childhood SES and a potential mechanism—degree of cognitive stimulation in the home environment—with cortical structure, white matter microstructure, and neural function during a working memory (WM) task across development. Analyses included 53 youths (age 6–19 years). Higher SES as reflected in the income-to-needs ratio was associated with higher parent-reported achievement, WM performance, and cognitive stimulation in the home environment. Although SES was not significantly associated with cortical thickness, children raised in more cognitively stimulating environments had thicker cortex in the frontoparietal network and cognitive stimulation mediated the assocation between SES and cortical thickness in the frontoparietal network. Higher family SES was associated with white matter microstructure and neural activation in the frontoparietal network during a WM task, including greater fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right and left superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF), and greater BOLD activation in multiple regions of the prefrontal cortex during WM encoding and maintenance. Greater FA and activation in these regions was associated higher parent-reported achievement. Together, cognitive stimulation, WM performance, FA in the SLF, and prefrontal activation during WM encoding and maintenance significantly mediated the association between SES and parent-reported achievement. These findings highlight potential neural, cognitive, and environmental mechanisms linking SES with academic achievement and suggest that enhancing cognitive stimulation in the home environment might be one effective strategy for reducing SES-related disparities in academic outcomes. %B NeuroImage %V 173 %P 298–310 %8 jun %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381191830140X %R 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.043 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychiatric Research %D 2018 %T Structural covariance network centrality in maltreated youth with posttraumatic stress disorder %A Sun, Delin %A Peverill, Matthew %A Swanson, Chelsea S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Morey, Rajendra A. %K Anterior cingulate cortex %K Centrality %K Childhood maltreatment %K Cortical thickness %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K Structural covariance network %X Childhood maltreatment is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elevated rates of adolescent and adult psychopathology including major depression, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, and other medical comorbidities. Gray matter volume changes have been found in maltreated youth with (versus without) PTSD. However, little is known about the alterations of brain structural covariance network topology derived from cortical thickness in maltreated youth with PTSD. High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were from demographically matched maltreated youth with PTSD (N = 24), without PTSD (N = 64), and non-maltreated healthy controls (n = 67). Cortical thickness data from 148 cortical regions was entered into interregional partial correlation analyses across participants. The supra-threshold correlations constituted connections in a structural brain network derived from four types of centrality measures (degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector) estimated network topology and the importance of nodes. Between-group differences were determined by permutation testing. Maltreated youth with PTSD exhibited larger centrality in left anterior cingulate cortex than the other two groups, suggesting cortical network topology specific to maltreated youth with PTSD. Moreover, maltreated youth with versus without PTSD showed smaller centrality in right orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting that this may represent a vulnerability factor to PTSD following maltreatment. Longitudinal follow-up of the present results will help characterize the role that altered centrality plays in vulnerability and resilience to PTSD following childhood maltreatment. %B Journal of Psychiatric Research %V 98 %P 70–77 %8 mar %G eng %R 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.015 %0 Book Section %B The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders %D 2017 %T Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Depression %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Hatzenbuehler, M. L. %X The most comprehensive volume of its kind, The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders provides detailed coverage of the characterization, understanding, and treatment of mood disorders. Chapters are written by the world's leading experts in their respective areas. The Handbook provides coverage of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and variants of these disorders. Current approaches to classifying the mood disorders are reviewed and contemporary controversies are placed in historical context. Chapter authors offer a variety of approaches to understanding the heterogeneity of the experiences of those who meet criteria for mood disorders, both within and across cultures. The role of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as premorbid personality and cognitive processes in the development of mood pathology are detailed. Interpersonal, neurobiological, and psychological factors also receive detailed consideration. The volume reviews mood disorders in special populations (e.g., postpartum and seasonal mood disorders) as well as common comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, substance use disorders). Somatic and psychosocial treatment approaches receive in-depth coverage with chapters that describe and review empirical evidence regarding each of the most influential treatment approaches. The depth and breadth offered by this Handbook make it an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers, as well as scholars and students. %B The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders %I Oxford University Press %P 49-59 %@ 978-0-19-997396-5 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Future Work in Child and Adolescent Psychology %D 2017 %T Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology %A Mclaughlin, Katie %E Mitch Prinstein %X

Despite long-standing interest in the influence of adverse early experiences on mental health, systematic scientific inquiry into childhood adversity and developmental outcomes has emerged only recently. Existing research has amply demonstrated that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of youth psychopathology. In contrast, knowledge of developmental mechanisms linking childhood adversity to the onset of psychopathology—and whether those mechanisms are general or specific to particular kinds of adversity—remains cursory. Greater understanding of these pathways and identification of protective factors that buffer children from developmental disruptions following exposure to adversity is essential to guide the development of interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology following adverse childhood experiences. This article provides recommendations for future research in this area. In particular, use of a consistent definition of childhood adversity, integration of studies of typical development with those focused on childhood adversity, and identification of distinct dimensions of environmental experience that differentially influence development are required to uncover mechanisms that explain how childhood adversity is associated with numerous psychopathology outcomes (i.e., multifinality) and identify moderators that shape divergent trajectories following adverse childhood experiences. A transdiagnostic model that highlights disruptions in emotional processing and poor executive functioning as key mechanisms linking childhood adversity with multiple forms of psychopathology is presented as a starting point in this endeavour. Distinguishing between general and specific mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psy- chopathology is needed to generate empirically informed interventions to prevent the long-term consequences of adverse early environments on children’s development.

%B Future Work in Child and Adolescent Psychology %I Routledge %G eng %0 Book Section %B Evidence Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents %D 2017 %T Harnessing the Neuroscience Revolution to Enhance Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy. %A Matt Peverill %A Mclaughlin, Katie %E John Weisz %E Alan Kazdin %X

 

Interest in the field of clinical neuroscience has exploded in the past decade (Weingarten & Strauman, 2015). However, direct contributions of neuroscience to clinical assessment and treatment are rare. It is natural and appropriate for clini- cians and policymakers to ask where and when translational gains from neurosci- ence will emerge in clinical practice. In this chapter we identify a number of paths through which neuroscience might inform superior assessment and treatment of children and adolescents in the future. We focus on three potential contributions that neuroscience can make to clinical assessment and treatment. First, neurosci- ence might be used to identify individuals who are more or less likely to respond to specific psychosocial treatments. Given that a substantial minority of people fail to improve in treatment, even with our most empirically supported approaches, identifying people who are likely to fail and why might point us toward innova- tive new approaches for improving clinical outcomes. Second, neuroscience might facilitate the process of matching individuals to treatments from which they are most likely to benefit, in part by identifying clinically meaningful subgroups within specific diagnoses. Finally, neuroscience can potentially identify mechanisms of effective clinical change, allowing for the development of more efficient evidence- based treatments. We use the term “neuroscience” throughout the chapter to refer to the application of neuroscience to study cognitive and affective processes, and their development in humans.

After a brief review of common neuroscience methods, we discuss existing research within these three broad themes. Clinical applications of neuroscience remain limited, particularly with children and adolescents. Thus, we focus primarily on what is possible in terms of these applications (for additional review, see Fournier & Price, 2014; Weingarten & Strauman, 2015). At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the current practical constraints of integrating neuroscience methods into clinical practice. Accordingly, we end with a discussion of obstacles, limitations, and future directions that might facilitate the application of neuroscience to clini- cal intervention for children and adolescents. As translational research in children is still limited, we discuss relevant research on children and adolescents where pos- sible and highlight examples from research with adults when pediatric research is not available. Many of the reviewed neuroimaging studies focus on neural networks involved in salience and reward processing. The primary brain regions in each of these networks are depicted in Figures 30.1 and 30.2, respectively. We focus on incorporating neuroscience methods into the evaluation of evidence-based treat- ments. We do not cover treatments that are not empirically supported.

%B Evidence Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents %I Guilford Press %P 520-536 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychology %D 2017 %T The beneficial effects of a positive attention bias amongst children with a history of psychosocial deprivation %A Troller-Renfree, Sonya %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Fox, Nathan A. %K Adaptation %K Arousal %K Attention bias %K Attentional Bias %K Child %K Cortisol reactivity %K early adversity %K Early Intervention (Education) %K Emotions %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K institutionalization %K Institutionalized %K Internal-External Control %K Internalizing behaviors %K Male %K Psychiatric risk %K Psychological %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Social Behavior %K STRESS %X Children raised in institutions experience psychosocial deprivation that has detrimental influences on attention and mental health. The current study examined patterns of attention biases in children from institutions who were randomized at approximately 21.6 months to receive either a high-quality foster care intervention or care-as-usual. At age 12, children performed a dot-probe task and indices of attention bias were calculated. Additionally, children completed a social stress paradigm and cortisol reactivity was computed. Children randomized into foster care (N=40) exhibited an attention bias toward positive stimuli but not threat, whereas children who received care-as-usual (N=40) and a never-institutionalized comparison group (N=47) showed no bias. Stability of foster care placement was related to positive bias, while instability of foster care placement was related to threat bias. The magnitude of the positive bias was associated with fewer internalizing problems and better coping mechanisms. Within the foster care group, positive attention bias was related to less blunted cortisol reactivity. %B Biological Psychology %V 122 %P 110–120 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.008 %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2017 %T Dimensions of Adversity, Physiological Reactivity, and Externalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence: Deprivation and Threat %A Busso, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K Child abuse %K exposure to violence %K Female %K Humans %K Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Parasympathetic Nervous System %K Pituitary-Adrenal System %K Poverty %K Sympathetic Nervous System %X {OBJECTIVE: Dysregulation of autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is a putative intermediate phenotype linking childhood adversity (CA) with later psychopathology. However, associations of CAs with autonomic nervous system and HPA-axis function vary widely across studies. Here, we test a novel conceptual model discriminating between distinct forms of CA (deprivation and threat) and examine their independent associations with physiological reactivity and psychopathology. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 169; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years) with a range of interpersonal violence (e.g., maltreatment, community violence) and poverty exposure participated in the Trier Social Stress test (TSST). During the TSST, electrocardiogram, impedance cardiograph, salivary cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate data were collected. We compared the associations of poverty (an indicator of deprivation) and interpersonal violence (an indicator of threat) on sympathetic, parasympathetic, and HPA-axis reactivity to the TSST, and assessed whether these differences mediated the association of adversity with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. RESULTS: Exposure to poverty and interpersonal violence was associated with psychopathology. Interpersonal violence, adjusting for poverty, was associated with blunted sympathetic (b = 1.44 %B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 79 %P 162–171 %8 mar %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000369 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2017 %T Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Finn, Amy S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Brain %K Child abuse %K Executive Function %K Female %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Memory %K Neuropsychological Tests %K Parents %K Short-Term %K Violence %K Young Adult %X Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental pathways underlying this risk remain poorly understood. A recent conceptual model posits that childhood adversity can be deconstructed into at least two underlying dimensions, deprivation and threat, that are associated with distinct neurocognitive consequences. This model argues that deprivation (i.e., a lack of cognitive stimulation and learning opportunities) is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not. We examine this hypothesis in two studies measuring EF at multiple levels: performance on EF tasks, neural recruitment during EF, and problems with EF in daily life. In Study 1, deprivation (low parental education and child neglect) was associated with greater parent-reported problems with EF in adolescents (N = 169; 13-17 years) after adjustment for levels of threat (community violence and abuse), which were unrelated to EF. In Study 2, low parental education was associated with poor working memory (WM) performance and inefficient neural recruitment in the parietal and prefrontal cortex during high WM load among adolescents (N = 51, 13-20 years) after adjusting for abuse, which was unrelated to WM task performance and neural recruitment during WM. These findings constitute strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 29 %P 1777–1794 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1017/S0954579417001390 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %D 2017 %T Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents Exposed to Traumatic Events %A Dorsey, Shannon %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Kerns, Suzanne E. U. %A Harrison, Julie P. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Briggs, Ernestine C. %A Revillion Cox, Julia %A Amaya-Jackson, Lisa %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Child %K Child abuse %K Cognitive Therapy %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K exposure to violence %K Humans %K Male %K Post-Traumatic %K Psychology %K Sexual %K Stress Disorders %K Treatment Outcome %X Child and adolescent trauma exposure is prevalent, with trauma exposure-related symptoms, including posttraumatic stress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms often causing substantial impairment. This article updates the evidence base on psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent trauma exposure completed for this journal by Silverman et al. (2008). For this review, we focus on 37 studies conducted during the seven years since the last review. Treatments are grouped by overall treatment family (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy), treatment modality (e.g., individual vs. group), and treatment participants (e.g., child only vs. child and parent). All studies were evaluated for methodological rigor according to Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology evidence-based treatment evaluation criteria (Southam-Gerow & Prinstein, 2014), with cumulative designations for level of support for each treatment family. Individual CBT with parent involvement, individual CBT, and group CBT were deemed well-established; group CBT with parent involvement and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) were deemed probably efficacious; individual integrated therapy for complex trauma and group mind-body skills were deemed possibly efficacious; individual client-centered play therapy, individual mind-body skills, and individual psychoanalysis were deemed experimental; and group creative expressive + CBT was deemed questionable efficacy. Advances in the evidence base, with comparisons to the state of the science at the time of the Silverman et al. (2008) review, are discussed. Finally, we present dissemination and implementation challenges and areas for future research. %B Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %V 46 %P 303–330 %8 jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1080/15374416.2016.1220309 %0 Journal Article %J Cognition & Emotion %D 2017 %T Habitual cognitive reappraisal in context: peer victimization moderates its association with physiological reactivity to social stress %A Christensen, Kara A. %A Aldao, Amelia %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Context %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Parasympathetic Nervous System %K Peer Group %K peer victimisation %K pre-ejection period %K Psychological %K Reappraisal %K Respiratory sinus arrhythmia %K STRESS %K Sympathetic Nervous System %K vagal withdrawal %X Although the emotion regulation strategy of reappraisal has been associated with adaptive outcomes, there is a growing evidence that it may not be adaptive in all contexts. In the present study, adolescents reported their use of habitual reappraisal and their experiences with peer victimisation, a chronic stressor that is associated with reduced well-being in this population. We examined how these variables predicted physiological reactivity (vagal withdrawal and changes in pre-ejection period) during a social stressor (i.e., Trier Social Stress Task). In line with previous research, at high levels of victimisation, habitual reappraisal predicted adaptive physiological reactivity (i.e., greater vagal withdrawal). Conversely, at low levels of victimisation, habitual reappraisal predicted maladaptive physiological reactivity (i.e., blunted vagal withdrawal). These findings were specific to parasympathetic reactivity. They suggest that habitual reappraisal may exert different effects on parasympathetic reactivity depending on the presence of stressors, and highlight the importance of examining the role of contextual factors in determining the adaptiveness of emotion regulation strategies. %B Cognition & Emotion %V 31 %P 384–394 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1080/02699931.2015.1103701 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Neuroscience %D 2017 %T Hippocampal Contribution to Context Encoding across Development Is Disrupted following Early-Life Adversity %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Sambrook, Kelly A. %A Rosen, Maya L. %A Askren, Mary K. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Child %K Child abuse %K childhood adversity %K Computer-Assisted %K Context %K Developmental Disabilities %K early-life stress %K exposure to violence %K Facial Expression %K Female %K hippocampus %K Humans %K Image Processing %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Memory %K Oxygen %K Photic Stimulation %K Poverty %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Retrospective Studies %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Violence %K Young Adult %X Context can drastically influence responses to environmental stimuli. For example, a gunshot should provoke a different response at a public park than a shooting range. Little is known about how contextual processing and neural correlates change across human development or about individual differences related to early environmental experiences. Children (N = 60; 8-19 years, 24 exposed to interpersonal violence) completed a context encoding task during fMRI scanning using a delayed match-to-sample design with neutral, happy, and angry facial cues embedded in realistic background scenes. Outside the scanner, participants completed a memory test for context-face pairings. Context memory and neural correlates of context encoding did not vary with age. Larger hippocampal volume was associated with better context memory. Posterior hippocampus was recruited during context encoding, and greater activation in this region predicted better memory for contexts paired with angry faces. Children exposed to violence had poor memory of contexts paired with angry faces, reduced hippocampal volume, and atypical neural recruitment on encoding trials with angry faces, including reduced hippocampal activation and greater functional connectivity between hippocampus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Greater hippocampus-vlPFC connectivity was associated with worse memory for contexts paired with angry faces. Posterior hippocampus appears to support context encoding, a process that does not exhibit age-related variation from middle childhood to late adolescence. Exposure to dangerous environments in childhood is associated with poor context encoding in the presence of threat, likely due to greater vlPFC-dependent attentional narrowing on threat cues at the expense of hippocampus-dependent processing of the broader context.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to use context to guide reactions to environmental stimuli promotes flexible behavior. Remarkably little research has examined how contextual processing changes across development or about influences of the early environment. We provide evidence for posterior hippocampus involvement in context encoding in youth and lack of age-related variation from middle childhood to late adolescence. Children exposed to interpersonal violence exhibited poor memory of contexts paired with angry faces and atypical neural recruitment during context encoding in the presence of threatening facial cues. Heightened attention to threat following violence exposure may come at the expense of encoding contextual information, which may ultimately contribute to pathological fear expressed in safe contexts. %B Journal of Neuroscience %V 37 %P 1925–1934 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2618-16.2017 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Mental Health and Self-Worth in Socially Transitioned Transgender Youth %A Durwood, Lily %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Olson, Kristina R. %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K gender nonconformity %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Health %K Self Concept %K self-worth %K social transitions %K transgender children %K Transgender Persons %K Transsexualism %X OBJECTIVE: Social transitions are increasingly common for transgender children. A social transition involves a child presenting to other people as a member of the "opposite" gender in all contexts (e.g., wearing clothes and using pronouns of that gender). Little is known about the well-being of socially transitioned transgender children. This study examined self-reported depression, anxiety, and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender children compared with 2 control groups: age- and gender-matched controls and siblings of transgender children. METHOD: As part of a longitudinal study (TransYouth Project), children (9-14 years old) and their parents completed measurements of depression and anxiety (n = 63 transgender children, n = 63 controls, n = 38 siblings). Children (6-14 years old; n = 116 transgender children, n = 122 controls, n = 72 siblings) also reported on their self-worth. Mental health and self-worth were compared across groups. RESULTS: Transgender children reported depression and self-worth that did not differ from their matched-control or sibling peers (p = .311), and they reported marginally higher anxiety (p = .076). Compared with national averages, transgender children showed typical rates of depression (p = .290) and marginally higher rates of anxiety (p = .096). Parents similarly reported that their transgender children experienced more anxiety than children in the control groups (p = .002) and rated their transgender children as having equivalent levels of depression (p = .728). CONCLUSION: These findings are in striking contrast to previous work with gender-nonconforming children who had not socially transitioned, which found very high rates of depression and anxiety. These findings lessen concerns from previous work that parents of socially transitioned children could be systematically underreporting mental health problems. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 56 %P 116–132 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.016 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Neglect as a Violation of Species-Expectant Experience: Neurodevelopmental Consequences %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Animals %K Brain %K Brain development %K Child %K Child abuse %K childhood adversity %K Cognition Disorders %K DEPRIVATION %K Developmental Disabilities %K Early life stress %K Humans %K Learning %K Neglect %K Preschool %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Species Specificity %X The human brain requires a wide variety of experiences and environmental inputs in order to develop normally. Children who are neglected by caregivers or raised in institutional environments are deprived of numerous types of species-expectant environmental experiences. In this review, we articulate a model of how the absence of cognitive stimulation and sensory, motor, linguistic, and social experiences common among children raised in deprived early environments constrains early forms of learning, producing long-term deficits in complex cognitive function and associative learning. Building on evidence from animal models, we propose that deprivation accelerates the neurodevelopmental process of synaptic pruning and limits myelination, resulting in age-specific reductions in cortical thickness and white matter integrity among children raised in deprived early environments. We review evidence linking early experiences of psychosocial deprivation to reductions in cognitive ability, associative and implicit learning, language skills, and executive functions as well as atypical patterns of cortical and white matter development-domains that should be profoundly influenced by deprivation through the learning and neural mechanisms we propose. These patterns of atypical development are difficult to explain with existing models that emphasize stress pathways and accelerated limbic system development. A learning account of how deprived early environments influence cognitive and neural development provides a complementary perspective to stress models and highlights novel pathways through which deprivation might confer risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. We end by reviewing evidence for plasticity in cognitive and neural development among children raised in deprived environments following interventions that improve caregiving quality. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 82 %P 462–471 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 %0 Journal Article %J The British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Wang, Yan %A Tse, Jenny %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fitzmaurice, Garrett %A Gilman, Stephen E. %A Susser, Ezra S. %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Child abuse %K child behavior disorders %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Parents %K Physical Abuse %K Rape %K Risk %K Sexual %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X BackgroundAlthough childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are 'sensitive periods' when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n = 9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0-5), middle childhood (ages 6-10) and adolescence (ages 11-18).ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51-2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69-3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57-3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.94-3.96).ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk. %B The British Journal of Psychiatry %V 211 %P 365–372 %8 dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.208397 %0 Journal Article %J The British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Trauma and psychotic experiences: transnational data from the World Mental Health Survey %A McGrath, John J. %A Saha, Sukanta %A Lim, Carmen C. W. %A Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio %A Alonso, Jordi %A Andrade, Laura H. %A Bromet, Evelyn J. %A Bruffaerts, Ronny %A Almeida, José M. Caldas de %A Cardoso, Gra\c ca %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A Fayyad, John %A Florescu, Silvia %A Gureje, Oye %A Haro, Josep M. %A Kawakami, Norito %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Lee, Sing %A Lepine, Jean-Pierre %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Medina-Mora, Maria E. %A Navarro-Mateu, Fernando %A Ojagbemi, Akin %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Sampson, Nancy %A Scott, Kate M. %A Tachimori, Hisateru %A Have, Margreet ten %A Kendler, Kenneth S. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators %K Comorbidity %K Global Health %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Mental Disorders %K Prevalence %K Psychological Trauma %K Psychotic Disorders %X BackgroundTraumatic events are associated with increased risk of psychotic experiences, but it is unclear whether this association is explained by mental disorders prior to psychotic experience onset. AimsTo investigate the associations between traumatic events and subsequent psychotic experience onset after adjusting for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders.MethodWe assessed 29 traumatic event types and psychotic experiences from the World Mental Health surveys and examined the associations of traumatic events with subsequent psychotic experience onset with and without adjustments for mental disorders.ResultsRespondents with any traumatic events had three times the odds of other respondents of subsequently developing psychotic experiences (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.7-3.7), with variability in strength of association across traumatic event types. These associations persisted after adjustment for mental disorders.ConclusionsExposure to traumatic events predicts subsequent onset of psychotic experiences even after adjusting for comorbid mental disorders. %B The British Journal of Psychiatry %V 211 %P 373–380 %8 dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.205955 %0 Journal Article %J European Journal of Psychotraumatology %D 2017 %T Trauma is a public health issue %A Magruder, Kathryn M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Elmore Borbon, Diane L. %K ?? %K ???? %K desastre %K disaster %K early intervention %K estrés traumático %K intervención temprana %K prevención %K prevention %K Public Health %K salud pública %K trauma %K traumatic stress %X Exposure to trauma is pervasive in societies worldwide and is associated with substantial costs to the individual and society, making it a significant global public health concern. We present evidence for trauma as a public health issue by highlighting the role of characteristics operating at multiple levels of influence - individual, relationship, community, and society - as explanatory factors in both the occurrence of trauma and its sequelae. Within the context of this multi-level framework, we highlight targets for prevention of trauma and its downstream consequences and provide examples of where public health approaches to prevention have met with success. Finally, we describe the essential role of public health policies in addressing trauma as a global public health issue, including key challenges for global mental health and next steps for developing and implementing a trauma-informed public health policy agenda. A public health framework is critical for understanding risk and protective factors for trauma and its aftermath operating at multiple levels of influence and generating opportunities for prevention. %B European Journal of Psychotraumatology %V 9 %P 1375338 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2017 %T The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries %A McGrath, J. J. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Saha, S. %A Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. %A Al-Hamzawi, A. %A Alonso, J. %A Bruffaerts, R. %A de Girolamo, G. %A de Jonge, P. %A Esan, O. %A Florescu, S. %A Gureje, O. %A Haro, J. M. %A Hu, C. %A Karam, E. G. %A Kovess-Masfety, V. %A Lee, S. %A Lepine, J. P. %A Lim, C. C. W. %A Medina-Mora, M. E. %A Mneimneh, Z. %A Pennell, B. E. %A Piazza, M. %A Posada-Villa, J. %A Sampson, N. %A Viana, M. C. %A Xavier, M. %A Bromet, E. J. %A Kendler, K. S. %A Kessler, R.C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events %K Child %K Child abuse %K Child of Impaired Parents %K childhood adversity %K discrete-time survival analysis %K Female %K Global Health %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K maladaptive family functioning %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K population attributable risk proportion %K Preschool %K Prevalence %K Psychotic Disorders %K psychotic experiences %K World Mental Health survey %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although there is robust evidence linking childhood adversities (CAs) and an increased risk for psychotic experiences (PEs), little is known about whether these associations vary across the life-course and whether mental disorders that emerge prior to PEs explain these associations. METHOD: We assessed CAs, PEs and DSM-IV mental disorders in 23 998 adults in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to investigate the associations between CAs and PEs, and the influence of mental disorders on these associations using multivariate logistic models. RESULTS: Exposure to CAs was common, and those who experienced any CAs had increased odds of later PEs [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-2.6]. CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning (MFF), including abuse, neglect, and parent maladjustment, exhibited the strongest associations with PE onset in all life-course stages. Sexual abuse exhibited a strong association with PE onset during childhood (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.6-20.2), whereas Other CA types were associated with PE onset in adolescence. Associations of other CAs with PEs disappeared in adolescence after adjustment for prior-onset mental disorders. The population attributable risk proportion (PARP) for PEs associated with all CAs was 31% (24% for MFF). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to CAs is associated with PE onset throughout the life-course, although sexual abuse is most strongly associated with childhood-onset PEs. The presence of mental disorders prior to the onset of PEs does not fully explain these associations. The large PARPs suggest that preventing CAs could lead to a meaningful reduction in PEs in the population. %B Psychological Medicine %V 47 %P 1230–1245 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1017/S0033291716003263 %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Association of Fluid Intelligence and Psychiatric Disorders in a Population-Representative Sample of Adolescents %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Platt, Jonathan %A Kaufman, Alan S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X \textlessh3\textgreaterImportance\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterDespite long-standing interest in the association of psychiatric disorders with intelligence, few population-based studies of psychiatric disorders have assessed intelligence.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterObjective\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterTo investigate the association of fluid intelligence with past-year and lifetime psychiatric disorders, disorder age at onset, and disorder severity in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterDesign, Setting, and Participants\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterNational sample of adolescents ascertained from schools and households from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement, collected 2001 through 2004. Face-to-face household interviews with adolescents and questionnaires from parents were obtained. The data were analyzed from February to December 2016.\textitDSM-IVmental disorders were assessed with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and included a broad range of fear, distress, behavior, substance use, and other disorders. Disorder severity was measured with the Sheehan Disability Scale.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterMain Outcomes and Measures\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterFluid IQ measured with the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, normed within the sample by 6-month age groups.\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterResults\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterThe sample included 10 073 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 15.2 [1.50] years; 49.0% female) with valid data on fluid intelligence. Lower mean (SE) IQ was observed among adolescents with past-year bipolar disorder (94.2 [1.69];\textitP = .004), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (96.3 [0.91];\textitP = .002), oppositional defiant disorder (97.3 [0.66];\textitP = .007), conduct disorder (97.1 [0.82];\textitP = .02), substance use disorders (alcohol abuse, 96.5 [0.67];\textitP < .001; drug abuse, 97.6 [0.64];\textitP = .02), and specific phobia (97.1 [0.39];\textitP = .001) after adjustment for a wide range of potential confounders. Intelligence was not associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, and anxiety disorders other than specific phobia, and was positively associated with past-year major depression (mean [SE], 100 [0.5];\textitP = .01). Associations of fluid intelligence with lifetime disorders that had remitted were attenuated compared with past-year disorders, with the exception of separation anxiety disorder. Multiple past-year disorders had a larger proportion of adolescents less than 1 SD below the mean IQ range than those without a disorder. Across disorders, higher disorder severity was associated with lower fluid intelligence. For example, among adolescents with specific phobia, those with severe disorder had a mean (SE) of 4.4 (0.72) points lower IQ than those without severe disorder (\textitP < .001), and those with alcohol abuse had a mean (SE) of 5.6 (1.2) points lower IQ than those without severe disorder (\textitP < .001).\textless/p\textgreater\textlessh3\textgreaterConclusions and Relevance\textless/h3\textgreater\textlessp\textgreaterNumerous psychiatric disorders were associated with reductions in fluid intelligence; associations were generally small in magnitude. Stronger associations of current than past disorders with intelligence suggest that active symptoms of psychiatric disorders interfere with cognitive functioning. Early identification and treatment of children with mental disorders in school settings is critical to promote academic achievement and long-term success.\textless/p\textgreater %B JAMA Psychiatry %V 74 %P 179–188 %G eng %U http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2594388 %N 2 %R 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3723 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychiatric Research %D 2017 %T Association of physical injury and mental health: Results from the national comorbidity survey- adolescent supplement %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Witt, Cordelie E. %A Quistberg, D. Alex %A Johnston, Brian D. %A Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali %A Mackelprang, Jessica L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Vavilala, Monica S. %A Rivara, Frederick P. %K adolescents %K Epidemiologic studies %K Injuries %K Mental Disorders %K trauma %X Nonfatal injury is common among adolescents in the U.S., but little is known about the bi-directional associations between injury and mental health. Utilizing a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, we examined 1) associations between lifetime mental health history and subsequent injury; 2) concurrent associations between injury and mental health; and 3) associations between injury and subsequent mental disorders. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13 through 17 years (N = 10,123). Twelve-month prevalence of nonfatal injury requiring medical attention was assessed along with lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day prevalence of DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, behavior, substance use, and bipolar disorders. We used Poisson regression to examine associations between 1) lifetime history of mental disorders and 12-month exposure to injury; 2) concurrent associations between 12-month exposure to injury and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders; and 3) 12-month exposure to injury and 30-day prevalence of mental disorders. A total of 11.6% of adolescents experienced an injury requiring medical attention in the year before the survey. Lifetime history of mental disorders was not associated with past-year injury. Behavior and bipolar disorders were concurrently associated with past-year injury. Past-year injury occurrence predicted increased risk for past-month anxiety disorders and decreased risk of past-month depressive disorders. Our findings reveal reciprocal associations between injury and mental disorders and highlight the need for systematic assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders among injured youth. %B Journal of Psychiatric Research %V 92 %P 101–107 %8 sep %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002239561630824X %R 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.022 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Child Abuse, Neural Structure, and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Longitudinal Study %A Busso, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Brueck, Stephanie %A Peverill, Matthew %A Gold, Andrea L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Child abuse %K neural structure %K Parahippocampal Gyrus %K psychopathology %K trauma %X OBJECTIVE: Child abuse exerts a deleterious impact on a broad array of mental health outcomes. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate this association remain poorly characterized. Here, we use a longitudinal design to prospectively identify neural mediators of the association between child abuse and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. METHOD: Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and assessments of mental health were acquired for 51 adolescents (aged 13-20; M=16.96; SD=1.51), 19 of whom were exposed to physical or sexual abuse. Participants were assessed for abuse exposure (time 1), participated in MRI scanning and a diagnostic structured interview (time 2), and 2 years later were followed-up to assess psychopathology (time 3). We examined associations between child abuse and neural structure, and identified whether abuse-related differences in neural structure prospectively predicted psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: Abuse was associated with reduced cortical thickness in medial and lateral prefrontal and temporal lobe regions. Thickness of the left and right parahippocampal gyrus predicted antisocial behavior symptoms, and thickness of the middle temporal gyrus predicted symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Thickness of the left parahippocampal gyrus mediated the longitudinal association of abuse with antisocial behavior. CONCLUSION: Child abuse is associated with widespread disruptions in cortical structure, and these disruptions are selectively associated with increased vulnerability to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Identifying predictive biomarkers of vulnerability following childhood maltreatment may uncover neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking environmental experience with the onset of psychopathology. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 56 %P 321–328 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.013 %0 Journal Article %J Current opinion in psychology %D 2017 %T Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience. %A Mclaughlin, Katie %A Lambert, Hilary %X Abstract: Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology. Here we present a biopsychosocial model... %B Current opinion in psychology %V 14 %P 29–34 %8 apr %G eng %U http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27868085 %R 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004 %0 Journal Article %J The British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Bromet, Evelyn J. %A Karam, Elie G. %A Liu, Howard %A Petukhova, Maria %A Ruscio, Ayelet Meron %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio %A Alonso, Jordi %A Borges, Guilherme %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Dinolova, Rumyana V. %A Ferry, Finola %A Florescu, Silvia %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A Gureje, Oye %A Kawakami, Norito %A Lee, Sing %A Navarro-Mateu, Fernando %A Piazza, Marina %A Pennell, Beth-Ellen %A Posada-Villa, José %A Have, Margreet ten %A Viana, Maria Carmen %A Ronald C. Kessler %X Background Although childhood adversities are known to predict increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic experiences, it is unclear whether this association varies by childhood adversity or traumatic experience types or by age. Aims To examine variation in associations of childhood adversities with PTSD according to childhood adversity types, traumatic experience types and life-course stage. Method Epidemiological data were analysed from the World Mental Health Surveys (n = 27 017). Results Four childhood adversities (physical and sexual abuse, neglect, parent psychopathology) were associated with similarly increased odds of PTSD following traumatic experiences (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), whereas the other eight childhood adversities assessed did not predict PTSD. Childhood adversity–PTSD associations did not vary across traumatic experience types, but were stronger in childhood–adolescence and early-middle adulthood than later adulthood. Conclusions Childhood adversities are differentially associated with PTSD, with the strongest associations in childhood–adolescence and early-middle adulthood. Consistency of associations across traumatic experience types suggests that childhood adversities are associated with generalised vulnerability to PTSD following traumatic experiences. %B The British Journal of Psychiatry %V 211 %P 280-288 %8 sep %G eng %U http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/early/2017/09/08/bjp.bp.116.197640 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %D 2017 %T Childhood Maltreatment and Health Impact: The Examples of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults %A Basu, Archana %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Misra, Supriya %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K cardiometabolic %K cardiovascular %K child maltreatment %K early life adversity %K type 2 diabetes %X Child maltreatment is associated with increased risk of an array of mental and physical health problems. We reviewed studies examining associations of child maltreatment, assessed either alone or in combination with other adversities, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. A search was conducted in PubMed for relevant studies until December 2015. Forty publications met inclusion criteria. Consistent positive associations were noted across a range of childhood adversities. Child maltreatment was associated with CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease) in 91.7% of studies, with diabetes in 88.2% of studies, and with blood pressure/hypertension in 61.5% of studies. Inclusion of mental disorders tended to attenuate associations. Sex-related differences were under-examined. Implications for future research and intervention efforts are discussed. %B Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %V 24 %P 125–139 %8 jun %G eng %U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cpsp.12191/abstract %N 2 %R 10.1111/cpsp.12191 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %D 2017 %T Clinical Considerations When Treating Adults Who Are Parents %A Zalewski, Maureen %A Goodman, Sherryl H. %A Cole, Pamela M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adult psychopathology %K adult psychotherapy %K offspring mental health %X When providing mental health services to adults, we are often treating individuals who, among their other roles, are also parents. The goal of this article was to provide practitioners with the state of the science about both the impact of parental psychopathology on children and the role that children's well-being has in parental psychopathology. We discuss the benefits of integrated care for adult clients who are parents, as well as the barriers to providing integrated care for both parents and children in psychotherapy, and provide recommendations for practice. With this information, practitioners will gain greater awareness of their opportunities to treat adults in their parenting roles as well as to contribute to prevention of mental disorders in children. %B Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %V 24 %P 370–388 %8 dec %G eng %U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cpsp.12209/abstract %N 4 %R 10.1111/cpsp.12209 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2017 %T Current methods and limitations for longitudinal fMRI analysis across development %A Madhyastha, Tara %A Peverill, Matthew %A Koh, Natalie %A McCabe, Connor %A Flournoy, John %A Mills, Kate %A King, Kevin %A Pfeifer, Jennifer %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Developmental change %K Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) %K General Linear Model %K Longitudinal modeling %K Structural Equation Modeling %X The human brain is remarkably plastic. The brain changes dramatically across development, with ongoing functional development continuing well into the third decade of life and substantial changes occurring again in older age. Dynamic changes in brain function are thought to underlie the innumerable changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior that occur across development. The brain also changes in response to experience, which raises important questions about how the environment influences the developing brain. Longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are an essential means of understanding these developmental changes and their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral correlates. This paper provides an overview of common statistical models of longitudinal change applicable to developmental cognitive neuroscience, and a review of the functionality provided by major software packages for longitudinal fMRI analysis. We demonstrate that there are important developmental questions that cannot be answered using available software. We propose alternative approaches for addressing problems that are commonly faced in modeling developmental change with fMRI data. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %8 nov %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929317300713 %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.11.006 %0 Journal Article %J Development and Psychopathology %D 2017 %T Differential associations of threat and deprivation with emotion regulation and cognitive control in adolescence %A Lambert, Hilary K %A King, Kevin M %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Mclaughlin, Katie A %X Research on childhood adversity has traditionally focused on single types of adversity, which is limited because of high co-occurrence, or on the total number of adverse experiences, which assumes that diverse experiences influence development similarly. Identifying dimensions of environmental experience that are common to multiple types of adversity may be a more effective strategy. We examined the unique associations of two such dimensions (threat and cognitive deprivation) with automatic emotion regulation and cognitive control using a multivariate approach that simultaneously examined both dimensions of adversity. Data were drawn from a community sample of adolescents (N = 287) with variability in exposure to violence, an indicator of threat, and poverty, which is associated with cognitive deprivation. Adolescents completed tasks measuring automatic emotion regulation and cognitive control in neutral and emotional contexts. Violence was associated with automatic emotion regulation deficits, but not cognitive control; poverty was associated with poor cognitive control, but not automatic emotion regulation. Both violence and poverty predicted poor inhibition in an emotional context. Utilizing an approach focused on either single types of adversity or cumulative risk obscured specificity in the associations of violence and poverty with emotional and cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest that different dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct influences on development and highlight the utility of a differentiated multivariate approach. %B Development and Psychopathology %V 29 %P 929–940 %G eng %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5243929/ %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0954579416000584 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2017 %T Emotion Regulation and the Transdiagnostic Role of Repetitive Negative Thinking in Adolescents with Social Anxiety and Depression %A Klemanski, David H. %A Curtiss, Joshua %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %X Social anxiety and depression are common mental health problems among adolescents and are frequently comorbid. Primary aims of this study were to (1) elucidate the nature of individual differences in specific emotion regulation deficits among adolescents with symptoms of social anxiety and depression, and (2) determine whether repetitive negative thinking (RNT) functions as a transdiagnostic factor. A diverse sample of adolescents (N = 1065) completed measures assessing emotion regulation and symptoms of social anxiety and depression. Results indicated that adolescents with high levels of social anxiety and depression symptoms reported decreased emotional awareness, dysregulated emotion expression, and reduced use of emotion management strategies. The hypothesized structural model in which RNT functions as a transdiagnostic factor exhibited a better fit than an alternative model in which worry and rumination function as separate predictors of symptomatology. Findings implicate emotion regulation deficits and RNT in the developmental psychopathology of youth anxiety and mood disorders. %B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 41 %P 206–219 %8 apr %G eng %U https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10608-016-9817-6 %N 2 %R 10.1007/s10608-016-9817-6 %0 Journal Article %J Nature Human Behaviour %D 2017 %T Increasing verbal knowledge mediates development of multidimensional emotion representations %A Nook, Erik C. %A Sasse, Stephanie F. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Somerville, Leah H. %X \textlessp\textgreaterNook et al. show that emotion concept representations develop from a monodimensional focus on positive versus negative valence in childhood to multidimensional organization in adulthood. This expansion is facilitated by increasing verbal knowledge.\textless/p\textgreater %B Nature Human Behaviour %V 1 %P 881-889 %8 dec %G eng %U https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0238-7 %N 12 %R 10.1038/s41562-017-0238-7 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Anxiety Disorders %D 2017 %T Maternal emotion regulation during child distress, child anxiety accommodation, and links between maternal and child anxiety %A Kerns, Caroline E. %A Pincus, Donna B. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Comer, Jonathan S. %K Child anxiety %K Emotion regulation %K Maternal anxiety %K Parenting %X Environmental contributions are thought to play a primary role in the familial aggregation of anxiety, but parenting influences remain poorly understood. We examined dynamic relations between maternal anxiety, maternal emotion regulation (ER) during child distress, maternal accommodation of child distress, and child anxiety. Mothers (N=45) of youth ages 3–8 years (M=4.8) participated in an experimental task during which they listened to a standardized audio recording of a child in anxious distress pleading for parental intervention. Measures of maternal and child anxiety, mothers’ affective states, mothers’ ER strategies during the child distress, and maternal accommodation of child anxiety were collected. Mothers’ resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity during the recording was also acquired. Higher maternal negative affect and greater maternal ER switching (i.e., using multiple ER strategies in a short time without positive regulatory results) during child distress were associated with child anxiety. Sequential mediation modeling showed that maternal anxiety predicted ineffective maternal ER during child distress exposure, which in turn predicted greater maternal accommodation, which in turn predicted higher child anxiety. Findings support the mediating roles of maternal ER and accommodation in linking maternal and child anxiety, and suggest that ineffective maternal ER and subsequent attempts to accommodate child distress may act as mechanisms underlying the familial aggregation of anxiety. %B Journal of Anxiety Disorders %V 50 %P 52–59 %8 aug %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088761851630202X %R 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.002 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Psychobiology %D 2017 %T Parasympathetic reactivity and disruptive behavior problems in young children during interactions with their mothers and other adults: A preliminary investigation %A Cooper-Vince, Christine E. %A DeSerisy, Mariah %A Cornacchio, Danielle %A Sanchez, Amanda %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Comer, Jonathan S. %K disruptive behavior %K noncompliance %K parent-child interaction %K Psychophysiology %K RSA %X Parasympathetic nervous system influences on cardiac functions-commonly indexed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)-are central to self-regulation. RSA suppression during challenging emotional and cognitive tasks is often associated with better emotional and behavioral functioning in preschoolers. However, the links between RSA suppression and child behavior across various challenging interpersonal contexts remains unclear. The present study experimentally evaluated the relationship between child RSA reactivity to adult (mother vs. study staff) direction and disruptive behavior problems in children ages 3-8 with varying levels of disruptive behavior problems (N = 43). Reduced RSA suppression in the context of mothers' play-based direction was associated with more severe child behavior problems. In contrast, RSA suppression in the context of staff play-based direction was not associated with behavior problems. Findings suggest that the association between RSA suppression and child behavior problems may vary by social context (i.e., mother vs. other adult direction-givers). Findings are discussed in regard to RSA as an indicator of autonomic self-regulation that has relevance to child disruptive behavior problems. %B Developmental Psychobiology %V 59 %P 543–550 %8 may %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1002/dev.21511 %0 Journal Article %J Nature Communications %D 2017 %T Sample composition alters associations between age and brain structure %A LeWinn, Kaja Z. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Hamilton, Ava %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Despite calls to incorporate population science into neuroimaging research, most studies recruit small, non-representative samples. Here, we examine whether sample composition influences age-related variation in global measurements of gray matter volume, thickness, and surface area. We apply sample weights to structural brain imaging data from a community-based sample of children aged 3-18 (N = 1162) to create a "weighted sample" that approximates the distribution of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and sex in the U.S. Census. We compare associations between age and brain structure in this weighted sample to estimates from the original sample with no sample weights applied (i.e., unweighted). Compared to the unweighted sample, we observe earlier maturation of cortical and sub-cortical structures, and patterns of brain maturation that better reflect known developmental trajectories in the weighted sample. Our empirical demonstration of bias introduced by non-representative sampling in this neuroimaging cohort suggests that sample composition may influence understanding of fundamental neural processes.The influence of sample composition on human neuroimaging results is unknown. Here, the authors weight a large, community-based sample to better reflect the US population and describe how applying these sample weights changes conclusions about age-related variation in brain structure. %B Nature Communications %V 8 %P 874 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1038/s41467-017-00908-7 %0 Journal Article %J Comprehensive Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Transdiagnostic psychiatric disorder risk associated with early and late age of menarche: A latent modeling approach %A Platt, Jonathan M. %A Colich, Natalie L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Gary, Dahsan %A Keyes, Katherine M. %X BACKGROUND: Earlier age of pubertal maturation in females is associated with increased risk for mental health problems in adolescence, compared with on-time or later maturation. However, most investigations of pubertal timing and mental health consider risk for individual disorders and fail to account for comorbidity. A latent-modeling approach using a large, nationally representative sample could better explain the transdiagnostic nature of the consequences of early-onset puberty. METHODS: Data on age of menarche and mental disorders were drawn from a population-representative sample of adolescents (n=4925), ages 13-17. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit four latent disorder categories: distress, eating, and externalizing, and fear disorders. Timing of menarche included those with earlier (age<=10, age 11) and later age of onset (age 13, 14+), relative to those with average timing of menarche (age 12). Associations between timing of menarche and latent disorders were estimated in a structural equation model (SEM), adjusted for age, income, race, parent marital status, BMI, and childhood adversity. RESULTS: The measurement model evidenced acceptable fit (CFI=0.91; RMSEA=0.02). Onset of menarche before age 11 was significantly associated with distress disorders (coefficient=0.096; p\textless0.0001), fear disorders (coefficient=0.09; p\textless0.0001), and externalizing disorders (coefficient=0.039; p=0.049) as compared to on-time or late menarche. No residual associations of early menarche with individual disorders over and above the latent disorders were observed. CONCLUSION: The latent modeling approach illuminated meaningful transdiagnostic psychiatric associations with early timing of menarche. Biological processes initiated at puberty can influence cognitive and affective processes as well as social relationships for adolescents. Under developmentally normative conditions, these changes may be adaptive. However, for those out of sync with their peers, researchers and clinicians should recognize the potential for these processes to influence liability to a broad array of psychopathological consequences in adolescence. %B Comprehensive Psychiatry %V 79 %P 70–79 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.010 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2017 %T Trauma Exposure and Externalizing Disorders in Adolescents: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement %A Carliner, Hannah %A Gary, Dahsan %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %K adolescents %K child behavior disorders %K exposure to violence %K Substance-Related Disorders %X OBJECTIVE: Exposure to violence and other forms of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are common among youths with externalizing psychopathology. These associations likely reflect both heightened risk for the onset of externalizing problems in youth exposed to PTEs and elevated risk for experiencing PTEs among youth with externalizing disorders. In this study, we disaggregate the associations between exposure to PTEs and externalizing disorder onset in a population-representative sample of adolescents. METHOD: We analyzed data from 13- to 18-year-old participants in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) (N = 6,379). Weighted survival models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for onset of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and substance use disorders (SUDs) associated with PTEs, and for exposure to PTEs associated with prior-onset externalizing disorders. Multiplicative interaction terms tested for effect modification by sex, race/ethnicity, and household income. RESULTS: All types of PTEs were associated with higher risk for SUD (HRs = 1.29-2.21), whereas only interpersonal violence (HR = 2.49) was associated with onset of CD and only among females. No associations were observed for ODD. Conversely, ODD and CD were associated with elevated risk for later exposure to interpersonal violence and other/nondisclosed events (HRs = 1.45-1.75). CONCLUSION: Externalizing disorders that typically begin in adolescence, including SUDs and CD, are more likely to emerge in adolescents with prior trauma. ODD onset, in contrast, is unrelated to trauma exposure but is associated with elevated risk of experiencing trauma later in development. CD and interpersonal violence exposure exhibit reciprocal associations. These findings have implications for interventions targeting externalizing and trauma-related psychopathology. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 56 %P 755–764 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.006 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychiatric Research %D 2017 %T Trauma exposure, incident psychiatric disorders, and disorder transitions in a longitudinal population representative sample %A Walsh, Kate %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hamilton, Ava %A Keyes, Katherine M. %K Disorder transitions %K Heterotypic continuity %K trauma %X Heterotypic continuity, whereby individuals transition from one disorder to another, is common; however, longitudinal studies examining transdiagnostic predictors of heterotypic continuity are lacking. The current study examined whether trauma exposure during childhood (maltreatment) and adulthood (interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma) is associated with heterotypic continuity in a national sample. Men and women (N = 34,653) who participated in Waves 1 (2001-2002) and 2 (2004-2005) of the National Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) completed face-to-face interviews about trauma exposure and psychopathology. Risk ratios and population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) quantified the effects of childhood maltreatment and interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma exposure between Waves 1 and 2 on risk for incident disorders and transitions between specific types of disorders. Twenty percent of respondents reported a Wave 2 incident disorder. Those with any Wave 1 disorder were at increased risk of incident mood (RR range = 1.2-2.1) and anxiety (RR = 1.5-2.7) disorders at Wave 2. Child maltreatment and interpersonal trauma exposure since Wave 1 were associated with roughly 50% of the risk for disorder transitions (RR range = 1.2-2.7); non-interpersonal trauma was associated with 30% of the risk for disorder transitions (RR range = 1.0-1.7). Findings suggest that new onset disorders were common in U.S. adults and trauma exposure explained a large proportion of disorder incidence as well as progression from one disorder to another. Universal prevention efforts that begin early in life, rather than those targeted at specific disorders, would be fruitful for reducing the burden of population mental health and preventing a cascade of mental disorders over the life course. %B Journal of Psychiatric Research %V 92 %P 212–218 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.001 %0 Journal Article %J Frontiers in Psychology %D 2016 %T Reductions in working memory mediate the link between early institutional rearing and symptoms of ADHD at 12 years. %A Tibu, F. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Nelson, C. A. %A Fox, N. A. %A Zeanah, C. H. %X Children who are raised in institutions show severe delays across multiple domains of development and high levels of psychopathology, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Low performance in executive functions (EFs) are also common in institutionally reared children and often do not remediate following improvements in the caregiving environment. ADHD symptomatology also remains elevated even after children are removed from institutional care and placed in families. We investigate whether poor EF is a mechanism explaining elevated rates of ADHD in children reared in institutional settings in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP). In the current study, we examine the potentially mediating role of poor EF in the association between institutionalization and symptoms of ADHD at age 12 years. A total of 107 children were assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) on working memory, set-shifting and planning. We also obtained concurrent teacher reports on their levels of ADHD symptoms (inattention and impulsivity separately). Institutionalization strongly predicted elevations in symptoms of inattention and impulsivity at age 12 years (ps < 0.01). Indices of working memory and planning were also associated with ADHD after controlling for potential confounders (ps < 0.03). Mediation analyses revealed that poor working memory performance mediated the link between exposure to early institutionalization and higher scores of both inattention and impulsivity. These results replicate and extend the findings that we reported in the BEIP sample at age 8 years. Together, they suggest that compromised working memory is a key mechanism that continues to explain the strikingly high levels of ADHD in late childhood among children institutionalized in early life. Interventions targeting working memory may help to prevent ADHD among children exposed to institutional care. %B Frontiers in Psychology %V 24 %P 1-9 %G eng %N 1850 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2016 %T Trauma exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology %A Heleniak, C. %A Jenness, J.L. %A E. McCauley %A Van der Stoep, A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %X Child maltreatment is a robust risk factor for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. We examined the role of disruptions in emotion regulation processes as a developmental mechanism linking child maltreatment to the onset of multiple forms of psychopathology in adolescents. Specifically, we examined whether child maltreatment was associated with emotional reactivity and maladaptive cognitive and behavioral responses to distress, including rumination and impulsive behaviors, in two separate samples. We additionally investigated whether each of these components of emotion regulation were associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and mediated the association between child maltreatment and psychopathology. Study 1 included a sample of 167 adolescents recruited based on exposure to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. Study 2 included a sample of 439 adolescents in a community-based cohort study followed prospectively for 5 years. In both samples, child maltreatment was associated with higher levels of internalizing psychopathology, elevated emotional reactivity, and greater habitual engagement in rumination and impulsive responses to distress. In Study 2, emotional reactivity and maladaptive responses to distress mediated the association between child maltreatment and both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. These findings provide converging evidence for the role of emotion regulation deficits as a transdiagnostic developmental pathway linking child maltreatment with multiple forms of psychopathology. %B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 40 %P 394-415 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9735-z %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2016 %T The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium %A Benjet, C. %A Bromet, E. %A Karam, E. G. %A Kessler, R.C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Ruscio, A. M. %A Shahly, V. %A Stein, D. J. %A Petukhova, M. %A Hill, E. %A Alonso, J. %A Atwoli, L. %A Bunting, B. %A Bruffaerts, R. %A Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M. %A de Girolamo, G. %A Florescu, S. %A Gureje, O. %A Huang, Y. %A Lepine, J. P. %A Kawakami, N. %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Medina-Mora, M. E. %A Navarro-Mateu, F. %A Piazza, M. %A Posada-Villa, J. %A Scott, K. M. %A Shalev, A. %A Slade, T. %A ten Have, M. %A Torres, Y. %A Viana, M. C. %A Zarkov, Z. %A Koenen, K. C. %K Accidents %K Adult %K Aged %K Crime Victims %K Critical Illness %K Disasters %K Epidemiology %K Factor Analysis %K Female %K Humans %K Injury %K International Cooperation %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Marital Status %K Middle Aged %K Post-Traumatic %K Prevalence %K Protective Factors %K Psychological Trauma %K revictimization %K Risk Factors %K Statistical %K Stress Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Traffic %K trauma %K Violence %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Considerable research has documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on physical and mental health. Much less research has examined the predictors of traumatic event exposure. Increased understanding of risk factors for exposure to traumatic events could be of considerable value in targeting preventive interventions and anticipating service needs. METHOD: General population surveys in 24 countries with a combined sample of 68 894 adult respondents across six continents assessed exposure to 29 traumatic event types. Differences in prevalence were examined with cross-tabulations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether traumatic event types clustered into interpretable factors. Survival analysis was carried out to examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics and prior traumatic events with subsequent exposure. RESULTS: Over 70% of respondents reported a traumatic event; 30.5% were exposed to four or more. Five types - witnessing death or serious injury, the unexpected death of a loved one, being mugged, being in a life-threatening automobile accident, and experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury - accounted for over half of all exposures. Exposure varied by country, sociodemographics and history of prior traumatic events. Being married was the most consistent protective factor. Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS: Given the near ubiquity of exposure, limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence. Identifying mechanisms that account for the associations of prior interpersonal violence with subsequent trauma is critical to develop interventions to prevent revictimization. %B Psychological Medicine %V 46 %P 327–343 %8 jan %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1017/S0033291715001981 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2016 %T Disruptions of working memory and inhibition mediate the association between exposure to institutionalization and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder %A Tibu, F. %A Sheridan, M. A. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Nelson, C. A. %A Fox, N. A. %A Zeanah, C. H. %K ADHD %K Children %K early deprivation %K executive functioning %X Background Young children raised in institutions are exposed to extreme psychosocial deprivation that is associated with elevated risk for psychopathology and other adverse developmental outcomes. The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is particularly high in previously institutionalized children, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. We investigated whether deficits in executive functioning (EF) explain the link between institutionalization and ADHD. Method A sample of 136 children (aged 6–30 months) was recruited from institutions in Bucharest, Romania, and 72 never institutionalized community children matched for age and gender were recruited through general practitioners’ offices. At 8 years of age, children's performance on a number of EF components (working memory, response inhibition and planning) was evaluated. Teachers completed the Health and Behavior Questionnaire, which assesses two core features of ADHD, inattention and impulsivity. Results Children with history of institutionalization had higher inattention and impulsivity than community controls, and exhibited worse performance on working memory, response inhibition and planning tasks. Lower performances on working memory and response inhibition, but not planning, partially mediated the association between early institutionalization and inattention and impulsivity symptom scales at age 8 years. Conclusions Institutionalization was associated with decreased EF performance and increased ADHD symptoms. Deficits in working memory and response inhibition were specific mechanisms leading to ADHD in previously institutionalized children. These findings suggest that interventions that foster the development of EF might reduce risk for psychiatric problems in children exposed to early deprivation. %B Psychological Medicine %V 46 %P 529–541 %8 feb %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/disruptions-of-working-memory-and-inhibition-mediate-the-association-between-exposure-to-institutionalization-and-symptoms-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/7B11CD8848DE60F92 %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0033291715002020 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2016 %T Anxious and aggressive: The co-occurrence of IED with anxiety disorders and implications for comorbidity, impairment, and treatment. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Vo, Thomas %A Galbraith, Todd %A Heimberg, Richard G. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aggression %K and Conduct Disorders %K Anger %K Anxiety %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K Disruptive %K Female %K GAD %K Humans %K Impulse Control %K intermittent explosive disorder %K Male %K Middle Aged %K panic %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Prevalence %K social anxiety disorder %K social phobia %K specific phobia %K United States %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that impulsive aggression and explosive anger are common among individuals with anxiety disorders; yet, the influence of intermittent explosive disorder (IED) on the onset, course, consequences, and patterns of comorbidity among those with anxiety disorders is unknown. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (N = 9,282) and Adolescent Supplement (N = 9,632), nationally representative surveys conducted between 2001 and 2004. Diagnoses were based on structured lay-administered interviews. Lifetime diagnoses were assessed with structured instruments. Outcomes included comorbidity, functional and role impairment, and treatment utilization. RESULTS: Adolescents with a lifetime anxiety disorder had a higher prevalence of a lifetime anger attacks (68.5%) and IED (22.9%) than adolescents without a lifetime anxiety disorder (48.6 and 7.8%, respectively), especially social phobia and panic disorders. Similar elevation was found for adults. Age of onset and course of anxiety disorders did not differ by IED. Severe functional impairment associated with anxiety was higher among adolescents (39.3%) and adults (45.7%) with IED than those without IED (29.2 and 28.2%, respectively). Comorbidity for all other disorders was elevated. However, individuals with anxiety disorders and IED were no more likely to use treatment services than those with anxiety disorders without IED. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IED concomitant to anxiety disorder, especially social phobia and panic, are at marked risk for worse functional impairment and a higher burden of comorbidity, but onset and course of anxiety disorder do not differ, and those with anxiety and IED are no more likely to utilize treatment services. Assessment, identification, and specialized treatment of anger in the context of anxiety disorders are critical to reducing burden. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 33 %P 101–111 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/da.22428 %0 Journal Article %J Current Directions in Psychological Science %D 2016 %T Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K abuse %K childhood adversity %K cumulative risk %K DEPRIVATION %K Learning %K Neglect %K Poverty %K STRESS %K trauma %X Children who have experienced environmental adversity-such as abuse, neglect, or poverty-are more likely to develop physical and mental health problems, perform poorly at school, and have difficulties in social relationships than children who have not encountered adversity. What is less clear is how and why adverse early experiences exert such a profound influence on children's development. Identifying developmental processes that are disrupted by adverse early environments is the key to developing better intervention strategies for children who have experienced adversity. Yet, much existing research relies on a cumulative risk approach that is unlikely to reveal these mechanisms. This approach tallies the number of distinct adversities experienced to create a risk score. This risk score fails to distinguish between distinct types of environmental experience, implicitly assuming that very different experiences influence development through the same underlying mechanisms. We advance an alternative model. This novel approach conceptualizes adversity along distinct dimensions, emphasizes the central role of learning mechanisms, and distinguishes between different forms of adversity that might influence learning in distinct ways. A key advantage of this approach is that learning mechanisms provide clear targets for interventions aimed at preventing negative developmental outcomes in children who have experienced adversity. %B Current Directions in Psychological Science %V 25 %P 239–245 %8 aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/0963721416655883 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychology %D 2016 %T Cardiovascular reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Ormel, Johan %A Riese, Harriette %K adolescence %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Anxiety %K Cardiac Output %K Cardiovascular System %K Child %K child maltreatment %K Defense Mechanisms %K Depression %K Externalizing %K Female %K Humans %K Internalizing %K Male %K Models %K Problem Behavior %K Psychological %K Psychological Trauma %K STRESS %K Stress reactivity %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K trauma %K Vascular Resistance %X Alterations in physiological reactivity to stress are argued to be central mechanisms linking adverse childhood environmental experiences to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Childhood trauma exposure may influence physiological reactivity to stress in distinct ways from other forms of childhood adversity. This study applied a novel theoretical model to investigate the impact of childhood trauma on cardiovascular stress reactivity - the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. This model suggests that inefficient cardiovascular responses to stress - a threat as opposed to challenge profile - are characterized by blunted cardiac output (CO) reactivity and increased vascular resistance. We examined whether childhood trauma exposure predicted an indicator of the threat profile of cardiovascular reactivity and whether such a pattern was associated with adolescent psychopathology in a population-representative sample of 488 adolescents (M=16.17years old, 49.2% boys) in the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Exposure to trauma was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms and a pattern of cardiovascular reactivity consistent with the threat profile, including blunted CO reactivity during a social stress task. Blunted CO reactivity, in turn, was positively associated with externalizing, but not internalizing symptoms and mediated the link between trauma and externalizing psychopathology. None of these associations varied by gender. The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding disruptions in physiological reactivity to stress following childhood trauma exposure, revealing a potential pathway linking such exposure with externalizing problems in adolescents. %B Biological Psychology %V 120 %P 108–119 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.007 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Pediatric Psychology %D 2016 %T Child Abuse, Resting Blood Pressure, and Blood Pressure Reactivity to Psychosocial Stress %A Gooding, Holly C. %A Milliren, Carly E. %A Austin, S. Bryn %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Blood Pressure %K Case-Control Studies %K Child %K Child abuse %K child abuse/psychology %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Hypertension %K Linear Models %K Male %K Psychological %K Public Health %K STRESS %X OBJECTIVE: Childhood trauma is associated with hypertension in adults. It is unknown whether childhood trauma predicts elevated blood pressure earlier in development. We investigated whether the trauma of child abuse was associated with blood pressure in adolescents. METHODS: The sample included 145 adolescents aged 13-17 years, 40% with exposure to child abuse. The mean age of participants was 14.93 years (SD = 1.33); 58% were female. The majority self-identified as non-Hispanic White (43%), with the remainder identifying as non-Hispanic Black (17%), Hispanic (17%), or other/mixed race (23%). We used established age/sex/height-specific cutoffs to determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in the sample. We used two-sample t tests to examine associations of abuse with resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood pressure reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test and a frustration task. We used linear regression to adjust for potential confounders including sociodemographic variables, body mass index, smoking, and psychopathology. RESULTS: Mean resting SBP and DBP were 114.07 mmHg and 61.35 mmHg in those with a history of abuse and 111.39 mmHg and 56.89 mmHg in those without a history of abuse. This difference was significant for DBP only. Twelve percent of participants met criteria for prehypertension or hypertension based on resting blood pressure values; this did not differ between those with and without an abuse history. Child abuse was associated with lower DBP and SBP reactivity to laboratory stress tasks and reduced DBP reactivity to frustration. These associations were robust to adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Child abuse is associated with higher resting DBP and blunted DBP and SBP reactivity to laboratory stress in adolescence. These findings suggest a potential pathway by which child abuse leads to hypertension. %B Journal of Pediatric Psychology %V 41 %P 5–14 %8 feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv040 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2016 %T Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing %A Gold, Andrea L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Busso, Daniel S. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Alves, Sonia %A Pine, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K abuse %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child abuse %K childhood adversity %K Cortical thickness %K Emotions %K Female %K Gray Matter %K Humans %K Male %K Prefrontal Cortex %K temporal cortex %K Temporal Lobe %K ventromedial prefrontal cortex %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Alterations in gray matter development represent a potential pathway through which childhood abuse is associated with psychopathology. Several prior studies find reduced volume and thickness of prefrontal (PFC) and temporal cortex regions in abused compared with nonabused adolescents, although most prior research is based on adults and volume-based measures. This study tests the hypothesis that child abuse, independent of parental education, predicts reduced cortical thickness in prefrontal and temporal cortices as well as reduced gray mater volume (GMV) in subcortical regions during adolescence. METHODS: Structural MRI scans were obtained from 21 adolescents exposed to physical and/or sexual abuse and 37 nonabused adolescents (ages 13-20). Abuse was operationalized using dichotomous and continuous measures. We examined associations between abuse and brain structure in several a priori-defined regions, controlling for parental education, age, sex, race, and total brain volume for subcortical GMV. Significance was evaluated at p \textless .05 with a false discovery rate correction. RESULTS: Child abuse exposure and severity were associated with reduced thickness in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), left temporal pole, and bilateral inferior, right middle, and right superior temporal gyri. Neither abuse measure predicted cortical surface area or subcortical GMV. Bilateral PHG thickness was inversely related to externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Child abuse, an experience characterized by a high degree of threat, is associated with reduced cortical thickness in ventromedial and ventrolateral PFC and medial and lateral temporal cortex in adolescence. Reduced PHG thickness may be a mediator linking abuse with externalizing psychopathology, although prospective research is needed to evaluate this possibility. %B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 57 %P 1154–1164 %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1111/jcpp.12630 %N 10 %R 10.1111/jcpp.12630 %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2016 %T Childhood Exposure to Violence and Chronic Physical Conditions in a National Sample of US Adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Basu, Archana %A Walsh, Kate %A Slopen, Natalie %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %K Adolescent %K Asthma %K Back Pain %K Chronic Disease %K Chronic Pain %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K exposure to violence %K Female %K Headache %K Humans %K Hypersensitivity %K Male %K Neck Pain %K United States %X OBJECTIVES: Exposure to violence is associated with chronic physical conditions in adults. Although violence exposure is common among youths, it is unknown whether violence is associated with chronic physical conditions in childhood and adolescence. We examined the associations of violence exposure with chronic physical conditions in a population-representative sample of US adolescents and determined whether associations were explained by co-occurring mental disorders. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national cross-sectional survey of 6,483 adolescents (ages 13-17). Lifetime exposure to violence; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition mood, anxiety, and substance disorders; and self-reported arthritis, frequent headaches, back or neck problems, other chronic pain, asthma, and allergies were assessed. RESULTS: One in 4 (24.99%) adolescents reported exposure to violence. Violence exposure was associated with elevated odds of back/neck pain, headaches, chronic pain, allergies, and asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.5-2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.5) after adjustment for sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, and lifetime mental disorders. Regarding new onsets, violence exposure was associated with greater hazard for subsequent first-onset only of back/neck pain (hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0) and headaches (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8), and these associations were explained by early-onset mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood violence exposure is associated with chronic physical conditions that emerge early in the life course, although associations are stronger for prevalent than incident conditions. Violence exposure predicts incident pain conditions only, and these associations are explained by mental disorders that begin after violence exposure. Interventions and policies aimed at preventing violence and detecting and treating early-onset mental disorders have the potential to reduce morbidity, mortality, and health disparities beginning early in development. %B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 78 %P 1072–1083 %8 dec %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000366 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2016 %T Childhood Maltreatment Exposure and Disruptions in Emotion Regulation: A Transdiagnostic Pathway to Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Stoep, Ann Vander %A McCauley, Elizabeth %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescence %K child maltreatment %K Emotion regulation %K emotional reactivity %K Externalizing %K Internalizing %K Responses to distress %K Rumination %X Child maltreatment is a robust risk factor for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. We examined the role of disruptions in emotion regulation processes as a developmental mechanism linking child maltreatment to the onset of multiple forms of psychopathology in adolescents. Specifically, we examined whether child maltreatment was associated with emotional reactivity and maladaptive cognitive and behavioral responses to distress, including rumination and impulsive behaviors, in two separate samples. We additionally investigated whether each of these components of emotion regulation were associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and mediated the association between child maltreatment and psychopathology. Study 1 included a sample of 167 adolescents recruited based on exposure to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. Study 2 included a sample of 439 adolescents in a community-based cohort study followed prospectively for 5 years. In both samples, child maltreatment was associated with higher levels of internalizing psychopathology, elevated emotional reactivity, and greater habitual engagement in rumination and impulsive responses to distress. In Study 2, emotional reactivity and maladaptive responses to distress mediated the association between child maltreatment and both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. These findings provide converging evidence for the role of emotion regulation deficits as a transdiagnostic developmental pathway linking child maltreatment with multiple forms of psychopathology. %B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 40 %P 394–415 %8 jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1007/s10608-015-9735-z %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2016 %T Childhood Trauma and Illicit Drug Use in Adolescence %A Carliner, Hannah %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Meyers, Jacquelyn L. %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Martins, Silvia S. %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K adolescents %K Child abuse %K Childhood trauma %K Comorbidity %K Female %K Humans %K illicit drugs %K Male %K maltreatment %K Psychological Trauma %K substance use %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X OBJECTIVE: Although potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are established risk factors for substance use disorders among adults, little is known about associations with drug use during adolescence, an important developmental stage for drug use prevention. We examined whether childhood PTEs were associated with illicit drug use among a representative sample of US adolescents. METHOD: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), which included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (N = 9,956). Weighted logistic regression models estimated risk ratios for lifetime use of marijuana, cocaine, nonmedical prescription drugs, other drugs, and multiple drugs. RESULTS: Exposure to any PTE before age 11 years was reported by 36% of the sample and was associated with higher risk for use of marijuana (risk ratio [RR] = 1.50), cocaine (RR = 2.78), prescription drugs (RR = 1.80), other drugs (RR = 1.90), and multiple drugs (RR = 1.74). A positive monotonic relationship was observed between number of PTEs and marijuana, other drug, and multiple drug use. Interpersonal violence was associated with all drug use outcomes. Accidents and unspecified events were associated with higher risk for marijuana, cocaine, and prescription drug use. CONCLUSION: Potentially traumatic events in childhood are associated with risk for illicit drug use among US adolescents. These findings add to the literature by illustrating a potentially modifiable health behavior that may be a target for intervention. The results also highlight that adolescents with a trauma history are a high-risk group for illicit drug use and may benefit from trauma-focused prevention efforts that specifically address traumatic memories and coping strategies for dealing with stressful life events. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 55 %P 701–708 %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.010 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %D 2016 %T Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Child %K Child Development %K Emotions %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Mental Health %K Psychological %K psychopathology %K Social Environment %K STRESS %X Despite long-standing interest in the influence of adverse early experiences on mental health, systematic scientific inquiry into childhood adversity and developmental outcomes has emerged only recently. Existing research has amply demonstrated that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of youth psychopathology. In contrast, knowledge of developmental mechanisms linking childhood adversity to the onset of psychopathology-and whether those mechanisms are general or specific to particular kinds of adversity-remains cursory. Greater understanding of these pathways and identification of protective factors that buffer children from developmental disruptions following exposure to adversity is essential to guide the development of interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology following adverse childhood experiences. This article provides recommendations for future research in this area. In particular, use of a consistent definition of childhood adversity, integration of studies of typical development with those focused on childhood adversity, and identification of distinct dimensions of environmental experience that differentially influence development are required to uncover mechanisms that explain how childhood adversity is associated with numerous psychopathology outcomes (i.e., multifinality) and identify moderators that shape divergent trajectories following adverse childhood experiences. A transdiagnostic model that highlights disruptions in emotional processing and poor executive functioning as key mechanisms linking childhood adversity with multiple forms of psychopathology is presented as a starting point in this endeavour. Distinguishing between general and specific mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology is needed to generate empirically informed interventions to prevent the long-term consequences of adverse early environments on children's development. %B Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %V 45 %P 361–382 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2016 %T Impact of Comorbid Depressive Disorders on Subjective and Physiological Responses to Emotion in Generalized Anxiety Disorder %A Seeley, Saren H. %A Mennin, Douglas S. %A Aldao, Amelia %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Rottenberg, Jonathan %A Fresco, David M. %K Comorbidity %K emotion %K Generalized anxiety disorder %K Heart rate variability %X Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and unipolar depressive disorders (UDD) have been shown to differ from each other in dimensions of affective functioning despite their high rates of comorbidity. We showed emotional film clips to a community sample (n = 170) with GAD, GAD with secondary UDD, or no diagnosis. Groups had comparable subjective responses to the clips, but the GAD group had significantly lower heart rate variability (HRV) during fear and after sadness, compared to controls. While HRV in the GAD and control groups rose in response to the sadness and happiness clips, it returned to baseline levels afterwards in the GAD group, potentially indicating lesser ability to sustain attention on emotional stimuli. HRV in the GAD + UDD group changed only in response to sadness, but was otherwise unvarying between timepoints. Though preliminary, these findings suggest comorbid UDD as a potential moderator of emotional responding in GAD. %B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 40 %P 290–303 %8 jun %G eng %N 30 %R 10.1007/s10608-015-9744-y %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2016 %T Introduction to the Special Issue of Psychosomatic Medicine: Mechanisms Linking Early-Life Adversity to Physical Health %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Lane, Richard D. %A Bush, Nicole R. %B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 78 %P 976–978 %8 dec %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000420 %0 Journal Article %J Neuropsychopharmacology %D 2016 %T Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Gold, Andrea L. %A Duys, Andrea %A Lambert, Hilary K. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A Shechner, Tomer %A Wojcieszak, Zuzanna %A Pine, Daniel S. %K Adolescent %K Brain %K Child %K Child abuse %K Classical %K Conditioning %K Cues %K extinction %K Fear %K Female %K Galvanic Skin Response %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Psychological %X Alterations in learning processes and the neural circuitry that supports fear conditioning and extinction represent mechanisms through which trauma exposure might influence risk for psychopathology. Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children (n=94) aged 6-18 years, 40.4% (n=38) with exposure to maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence), completed a fear conditioning paradigm utilizing blue and yellow bells as conditioned stimuli (CS+/CS-) and an aversive alarm noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. Children without maltreatment exposure exhibited strong differential conditioning to the CS+ vs CS-, based on SCR and self-reported fear. In contrast, maltreated children exhibited blunted SCR to the CS+ and failed to exhibit differential SCR to the CS+ vs CS- during early conditioning. Amygdala and hippocampal volume were reduced among children with maltreatment exposure and were negatively associated with SCR to the CS+ during early conditioning in the total sample, although these associations were negative only among non-maltreated children and were positive among maltreated children. The association of maltreatment with externalizing psychopathology was mediated by this perturbed pattern of fear conditioning. Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. Poor threat-safety discrimination might reflect either enhanced fear generalization or a deficit in associative learning, which may in turn represent a central mechanism underlying the development of maltreatment-related externalizing psychopathology in children. %B Neuropsychopharmacology %V 41 %P 1956–1964 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.365 %N 8 %R 10.1038/npp.2015.365 %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2016 %T Mechanisms Underlying the Association Between Early-Life Adversity and Physical Health: Charting a Course for the Future %A Bush, Nicole R. %A Lane, Richard D. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Affect %K Child %K Child abuse %K Health Status %K Humans %K Social Class %X Early-life adversities (ELA) are associated with subsequent pervasive alterations across a wide range of neurobiological systems and psychosocial factors that contribute to accelerated onset of health problems and diseases. In this article, we provide an integrated perspective on recent developments in research on ELA, based on the articles published in this Special Issue of Psychosomatic Medicine. We focus on the following: 1) the distinction between specific versus general aspects of ELA with regard to the nature of exposure (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect, relative socioeconomic deprivation), biological and behavioral correlates of ELA, and differences across diseases; 2) the importance of timing in the critical phases of exposure to ELA; and 3) adaptive versus dysfunctional responses to ELA and their consequences for biological and behavioral risk factors for adverse health outcomes. This article concludes with outlining important new targets for research in this area, including the neurobiology of affect as a mechanism linking ELA to adverse health outcomes, and the need for large-scale longitudinal investigations of multisystem processes relevant to ELA in diverse samples, starting prenatally, continuing to late adolescence, and with long-term follow-up assessments that enable evaluation of incident disease outcomes. %B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 78 %P 1114–1119 %8 dec %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000421 %0 Journal Article %J Pediatrics %D 2016 %T Mental Health of Transgender Children Who are Supported in Their Identities %A Olson, Kristina R. %A Durwood, Lily %A DeMeules, Madeleine %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %B Pediatrics %V 137 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1542/peds.2016-1203B %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2016 %T Neurobehavioral markers of resilience to depression amongst adolescents exposed to child abuse %A Dennison, Meg J. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Busso, Daniel S. %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Rosen, Maya L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Basal Ganglia %K Brain Mapping %K Child abuse %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Psychological %K Reaction Time %K resilience %K Reward %X {Childhood maltreatment is strongly associated with depression, which is characterized by reduced reactivity to reward. Identifying factors that mitigate risk for depression in maltreated children is important for understanding etiological links between maltreatment and depression as well as improving early intervention and prevention. We examine whether high reward reactivity at behavioral and neurobiological levels is a marker of resilience to depressive symptomology in adolescence following childhood maltreatment. A sample of 59 adolescents (21 with a history of maltreatment; Mean Age = 16.95 years %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 125 %P 1201–1212 %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1037/abn0000215 %0 Journal Article %J Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences %D 2016 %T Neurobiological Models of the Impact of Adversity on Education %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Poverty and exposure to adversity have been linked with decreased educational success. Various environmental and neurobiological pathways have been proposed for these associations, however, existing models have several clear drawbacks. Here we outline existing models, and propose an alternate model linking exposure to adverse experiences in childhood to education success. Specifically, we propose that measured dimensions of experience (e.g., decreased cognitive enrichment or increased exposure to violence), instead of named exposures (e.g., poverty) impact neurobiology through neurodevelopmental processes of neuroplasticity. Our model results in testable hypotheses and clear intervention strategies. We predict that exposure to trauma will have a distinct neurobiological impact from exposure to a lack of cognitive stimulation and that these distinct exposures will benefit from different interventions. Specificity in this arena is thus likely to better support educational achievement for disadvantaged children. %B Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences %V 10 %P 108–113 %8 aug %G eng %R 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013 %0 Journal Article %J Frontiers in Psychology %D 2016 %T Reduced Working Memory Mediates the Link between Early Institutional Rearing and Symptoms of ADHD at 12 Years %A Tibu, Florin %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %K ADHD %K Children %K executive functioning %K institutionalization %K working memory %X Children who are raised in institutions show severe delays across multiple domains of development and high levels of psychopathology, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Low performance in executive functions (EFs) are also common in institutionally reared children and often do not remediate following improvements in the caregiving environment. ADHD symptomatology also remains elevated even after children are removed from institutional care and placed in families. We investigate whether poor EF is a mechanism explaining elevated rates of ADHD in children reared in institutional settings in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP). In the current study, we examine the potentially mediating role of poor EF in the association between institutionalization and symptoms of ADHD at age 12 years. A total of 107 children were assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) on working memory, set-shifting and planning. We also obtained concurrent teacher reports on their levels of ADHD symptoms (inattention and impulsivity separately). Institutionalization strongly predicted elevations in symptoms of inattention and impulsivity at age 12 years (ps \textless 0.01). Indices of working memory and planning were also associated with ADHD after controlling for potential confounders (ps \textless 0.03). Mediation analyses revealed that poor working memory performance mediated the link between exposure to early institutionalization and higher scores of both inattention and impulsivity. These results replicate and extend the findings that we reported in the BEIP sample at age 8 years. Together, they suggest that compromised working memory is a key mechanism that continues to explain the strikingly high levels of ADHD in late childhood among children institutionalized in early life. Interventions targeting working memory may help to prevent ADHD among children exposed to institutional care. %B Frontiers in Psychology %V 7 %P 1850 %G eng %R 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01850 %0 Journal Article %J Psychoneuroendocrinology %D 2016 %T Sexual orientation and diurnal cortisol patterns in a cohort of U.S. young adults %A Austin, S. Bryn %A Rosario, Margaret %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Roberts, Andrea L. %A Gordon, Allegra R. %A Sarda, Vishnudas %A Missmer, Stacey %A Anatale-Tardiff, Laura %A Scherer, Emily A. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Circadian Rhythm %K Cortisol %K Diurnal rhythm %K Female %K Heterosexuality %K HPA axis %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Pituitary-Adrenal System %K Prospective Studies %K Saliva %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual orientation %K Stressful life events %K United States %K Young Adult %K Young adults %X Sexual minorities in the United States are at elevated risk of bullying, discrimination, and violence victimization, all stressors that have been linked to psychological and behavioral stress responses including depressive and anxious symptoms and substance use. Acute and chronic stressors may also elicit physiologic stress responses, including changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between minority sexual orientation and diurnal cortisol patterns. The present study included 1670 young adults ages 18-32 years (69% female, 31% male) from the Growing Up Today Study, a prospective cohort of U.S. youth. Participants provided five saliva samples over one day to estimate diurnal cortisol patterns. Sexual orientation groups included: completely heterosexual with no same-sex partners (referent), completely heterosexual with same-sex partners/mostly heterosexual, and gay/lesbian/bisexual. Covariates included perceived stress and stressful life events in the past month. Sex-stratified multilevel models of log-transformed cortisol values were used to model diurnal cortisol patterns, and generalized estimating equations were used to model area under the curve (AUC), both with respect to ground (AUCg) and increase (AUCi). Among females, sexual minorities reported significantly more stressful life events in the past month than their heterosexual counterparts. In adjusted multilevel models, sexual orientation was not significantly associated with diurnal cortisol patterns or with AUCg or AUCi in either females or males. There were no significant interactions between sexual orientation and stressful life events. Time-varying negative mood was significantly associated with higher cortisol levels across the day for both female and male participants, after adjusting for all covariates. This study from a large cohort of U.S. young adults did not detect a relationship between sexual orientation and diurnal cortisol patterns. Despite consistent evidence indicating that, compared to heterosexuals, sexual minorities experience elevated exposure to multiple forms of stressors and adversity across the life course, we did not find differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms by sexual orientation. One possible explanation is that sexual minority participants in the study exhibited physiologic resilience. %B Psychoneuroendocrinology %V 69 %P 197–208 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.012 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %D 2016 %T Working memory filtering continues to develop into late adolescence %A Peverill, Matthew %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Finn, Amy S. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K adolescence %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Aging %K Basal Ganglia %K Brain Mapping %K Cues %K Female %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Memory %K Parietal Lobe %K Short-Term %K working memory %K Working memory filtering %X While most measures of working memory (WM) performance have been shown to plateau by mid-adolescence and developmental changes in fronto-parietal regions supporting WM encoding and maintenance have been well characterized, little is known about developmental variation in WM filtering. We investigated the possibility that the neural underpinnings of filtering in WM reach maturity later in life than WM function without filtering. Using a cued WM filtering task (McNab and Klingberg, 2008), we investigated neural activity during WM filtering in a sample of 64 adults and adolescents. Regardless of age, increases in WM activity with load were concentrated in the expected fronto-parietal network. For adults, but not adolescents, recruitment of the basal ganglia during presentation of a filtering cue was associated with neural and behavioral indices of successful filtering, suggesting that WM filtering and related basal ganglia function may still be maturing throughout adolescence and into adulthood. %B Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience %V 18 %P 78–88 %8 apr %G eng %R 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.004 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2016 %T Catastrophizing, rumination, and reappraisal prospectively predict adolescent PTSD symptom onset following a terrorist attack %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A Jager-Hyman, Shari %A Heleniak, Charlotte %A Beck, Aaron T. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %X Disruptions in emotion regulation are a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. However, scant research has examined whether emotion regulation strategies are related to the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among youths exposed to trauma. We investigated whether pretrauma emotion regulation strategies prospectively predicted PTSD symptom onset after the 2013 Boston Marathon terrorist attack among adolescents and whether these associations were moderated by the degree of exposure to media coverage of the attack. A sample of 78 Boston-area adolescents (mean age = 16.72 years, 65% female) who previously participated in studies assessing emotion regulation and psychopathology were recruited following the terrorist attack. Within 4 weeks of the attack, we assessed self-reported PTSD symptoms and attack-related media exposure via an online survey. We examined the association of pretrauma emotion regulation strategies with PTSD symptom onset after adjustment for pretrauma internalizing symptoms and violence exposure. Greater pretrauma engagement in rumination predicted onset of PTSD symptoms following the attack. Adolescents who engaged in catastrophizing also had greater PTSD symptoms postattack, but only when exposed to high levels of media coverage of the attacks; the same pattern was observed for adolescents who engaged in low levels of cognitive reappraisal. Engagement in specific emotion regulation strategies prior to a traumatic event predicts the onset of PTSD symptoms among youths exposed to trauma, extending transdiagnostic models of emotion regulation to encompass trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 33 %P 1039–1047 %G eng %U http:https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22548 %N 11 %R 10.1002/da.22548 %0 Journal Article %J Molecular psychiatry %D 2015 %T Contributions of the social environment to first-onset and recurrent mania %A Gilman, Stephen E. %A Ni, Michael Y. %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Breslau, Joshua %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Jordan W. Smoller %A Roy H. Perlis %X {In treated cohorts, individuals with bipolar disorder are more likely to report childhood adversities and recent stressors than individuals without bipolar disorder; similarly, in registry-based studies, childhood adversities are more common among individuals who later become hospitalized for bipolar disorder. Because these types of studies rely on treatment-seeking samples or hospital diagnoses, they leave unresolved the question of whether or not social experiences are involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder. We investigated the role of childhood adversities and adulthood stressors in liability for bipolar disorder using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC %B Molecular psychiatry %V 20 %P 329–336 %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4206672/ %N 3 %R 10.1038/mp.2014.36 %0 Journal Article %J Child Development %D 2015 %T Caregiving and 5-HTTLPR Genotype Predict Adolescent Physiological Stress Reactivity: Confirmatory Tests of Gene × Environment Interactions %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Walsh, Kate %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %X A theory-driven confirmatory approach comparing diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility models of Gene × Environment (G × E) interactions was applied to examine whether 5-HTTLPR genotype moderated the effect of early maternal caregiving on autonomic nervous system (ANS) stress reactivity in 113 adolescents aged 13-17 years. Findings supported a differential susceptibility, rather than diathesis-stress, framework. Carriers of one or more 5-HTTLPR short alleles (SS/SL carriers) reporting higher quality caregiving exhibited approach ANS responses to a speech task, whereas those reporting lower quality caregiving exhibited withdrawal ANS responses. Carriers of two 5-HTTLPR long alleles (LL carriers) were unaffected by caregiving. Findings suggest that 5-HTTLPR genotype and early caregiving in interaction are associated with ANS stress reactivity in adolescents in a "for better and for worse" fashion, and they demonstrate the promise of confirmatory methods for testing G × E interactions. %B Child Development %V 86 %P 985–994 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/cdev.12357 %0 Journal Article %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America %D 2015 %T Causal effects of the early caregiving environment on development of stress response systems in children %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Tibu, Florin %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Autonomic Nervous System %K Caregivers %K Child %K childhood adversity %K early-life stress %K Electrocardiography %K Foster Home Care %K HPA axis %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System %K Infant %K Institutionalized %K Longitudinal Studies %K Pituitary-Adrenal System %K Preschool %K Psychological %K Romania %K STRESS %K Stress reactivity %K Time Factors %X Disruptions in stress response system functioning are thought to be a central mechanism by which exposure to adverse early-life environments influences human development. Although early-life adversity results in hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rodents, evidence from human studies is inconsistent. We present results from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project examining whether randomized placement into a family caregiving environment alters development of the autonomic nervous system and HPA axis in children exposed to early-life deprivation associated with institutional rearing. Electrocardiogram, impedance cardiograph, and neuroendocrine data were collected during laboratory-based challenge tasks from children (mean age = 12.9 y) raised in deprived institutional settings in Romania randomized to a high-quality foster care intervention (n = 48) or to remain in care as usual (n = 43) and a sample of typically developing Romanian children (n = 47). Children who remained in institutional care exhibited significantly blunted SNS and HPA axis responses to psychosocial stress compared with children randomized to foster care, whose stress responses approximated those of typically developing children. Intervention effects were evident for cortisol and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity only among children placed in foster care before age 24 and 18 months, respectively, providing experimental evidence of a sensitive period in humans during which the environment is particularly likely to alter stress response system development. We provide evidence for a causal link between the early caregiving environment and stress response system reactivity in humans with effects that differ markedly from those observed in rodent models. %B Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America %V 112 %P 5637–5642 %G eng %N 18 %R 10.1073/pnas.1423363112 %0 Journal Article %J The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry %D 2015 %T The association between youth violence exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a sample of fifth-graders %A Lewis, Terri %A Schwebel, David C. %A Elliott, Marc N. %A Visser, Susanna N. %A Toomey, Sara L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Cuccaro, Paula %A Tortolero Emery, Susan %A Banspach, Stephen W. %A Schuster, Mark A. %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Child %K exposure to violence %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Sex Characteristics %X The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between violence exposures (no exposure, witness or victim only, and both witness and victim) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, as well as the potential moderating role of gender. Data from 4,745 5th graders and their primary caregivers were drawn from the Healthy Passages study of adolescent health. Parent respondents completed the DISC Predictive Scales for ADHD, and youth provided information about exposure to violence. Results indicated that youth who reported both witnessing and victimization had more parent-reported ADHD symptoms and were more likely to meet predictive criteria for ADHD. Among those with both exposures, girls exhibited a steeper increase in ADHD symptoms and higher probability of meeting predictive criteria than did boys. Findings indicate that being both victim-of and witness-to violence is significantly associated with ADHD symptoms particularly among girls. %B The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry %V 85 %P 504–513 %8 sep %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/ort0000081 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2015 %T Child Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Peverill, Matthew %A Gold, Andrea L. %A Alves, Sonia %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K Amygdala %K Attention %K Brain Mapping %K Cerebral Cortex %K Child abuse %K child maltreatment %K Cues %K Emotion regulation %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Putamen %K Sexual %K trauma %K Young Adult %X OBJECTIVE: The strong associations between child maltreatment and psychopathology have generated interest in identifying neurodevelopmental processes that are disrupted following maltreatment. Previous research has focused largely on neural response to negative facial emotion. We determined whether child maltreatment was associated with neural responses during passive viewing of negative and positive emotional stimuli and effortful attempts to regulate emotional responses. METHOD: A total of 42 adolescents aged 13 to 19 years, half with exposure to physical and/or sexual abuse, participated. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was measured during passive viewing of negative and positive emotional stimuli and attempts to modulate emotional responses using cognitive reappraisal. RESULTS: Maltreated adolescents exhibited heightened response in multiple nodes of the salience network, including amygdala, putamen, and anterior insula, to negative relative to neutral stimuli. During attempts to decrease responses to negative stimuli relative to passive viewing, maltreatment was associated with greater recruitment of superior frontal gyrus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontal pole; adolescents with and without maltreatment down-regulated amygdala response to a similar degree. No associations were observed between maltreatment and neural response to positive emotional stimuli during passive viewing or effortful regulation. CONCLUSION: Child maltreatment heightens the salience of negative emotional stimuli. Although maltreated adolescents modulate amygdala responses to negative cues to a degree similar to that of non-maltreated youths, they use regions involved in effortful control to a greater degree to do so, potentially because greater effort is required to modulate heightened amygdala responses. These findings are promising, given the centrality of cognitive restructuring in trauma-focused treatments for children. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 54 %P 753–762 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010 %0 Journal Article %J PloS One %D 2015 %T Childhood Adversity Is Associated with Adult Theory of Mind and Social Affiliation, but Not Face Processing %A Germine, Laura %A Dunn, Erin C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Jordan W. Smoller %K Adult %K Child %K Child abuse %K Emotional Intelligence %K Facial Recognition %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Theory of Mind %X People vary substantially in their ability to acquire and maintain social ties. Here, we use a combined epidemiological and individual differences approach to understand the childhood roots of adult social cognitive functioning. We assessed exposure to 25 forms of traumatic childhood experiences in over 5000 adults, along with measures of face discrimination, face memory, theory of mind, social motivation, and social support. Retrospectively-reported experiences of parental maltreatment in childhood (particularly physical abuse) were the most broadly and robustly associated with adult variations in theory of mind, social motivation, and social support. Adult variations in face discrimination and face memory, on the other hand, were not significantly associated with exposure to childhood adversity. Our findings indicate domains of social cognition that may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of adverse childhood environments, and suggest mechanisms whereby environmental factors might influence the development of social abilities. %B PloS One %V 10 %P e0129612 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0129612 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2015 %T Common Versus Specific Correlates of Fifth-Grade Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms: Comparison of Three Racial/Ethnic Groups %A Wiesner, Margit %A Elliott, Marc N. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Banspach, Stephen W. %A Tortolero, Susan %A Schuster, Mark A. %K African Americans %K Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders %K Child %K Conduct Disorder %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Models %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Social Skills %K Symptom Assessment %X The extent to which risk profiles or correlates of conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms overlap among youth continues to be debated. Cross-sectional data from a large, representative community sample (N = 4,705) of African-American, Latino, and White fifth graders were used to examine overlap in correlates of CD and ODD symptoms. About 49 % of the children were boys. Analyses were conducted using negative binomial regression models, accounting for several confounding factors (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms), sampling weights, stratification, and clustering. Results indicated that CD and ODD symptoms had very similar correlates. In addition to previously established correlates, several social skills dimensions were significantly related to ODD and CD symptoms, even after controlling for other correlates. In contrast, temperamental dimensions were not significantly related to CD and ODD symptoms, possibly because more proximal correlates (e.g., social skills) were also taken into account. Only two factors (gender and household income) were found to be specific correlates of CD, but not ODD, symptoms. The pattern of common and specific correlates of CD and ODD symptoms was replicated fairly consistently across the three racial/ethnic subgroups. Implications of these findings for further research and intervention efforts are discussed. %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 43 %P 985–998 %8 jul %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10802-014-9955-9 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2015 %T Developmental trajectories of anxiety and depression in early adolescence %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A King, Kevin %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Anxiety %K Depression %K Female %K growth %K Humans %K Male %K Phobic Disorders %K Separation %K Sex Characteristics %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X Adolescence is a period of heightened vulnerability for the onset of internalizing psychopathology. Characterizing developmental patterns of symptom stability, progression, and co-occurrence is important in order to identify adolescents most at risk for persistent problems. We use latent growth curve modeling to characterize developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms and four classes of anxiety symptoms (GAD, physical symptoms, separation anxiety, and social anxiety) across early adolescence, prospective associations of depression and anxiety trajectories with one another, and variation in trajectories by gender. A diverse sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at three time points across a one-year period. All classes of anxiety symptoms declined across the study period and depressive symptoms remained stable. In between-individual analysis, adolescents with high levels of depressive symptoms experienced less decline over time in symptoms of physical, social, and separation anxiety. Consistent associations were observed between depression and anxiety symptom trajectories within-individuals over time, such that adolescents who experienced a higher level of a specific symptom type than would be expected given their overall symptom trajectory were more likely to experience a later deflection from their average trajectory in other symptoms. Within-individual deflections in GAD, physical, and social symptoms predicted later deflections in depressive symptoms, and deflections in depressive symptoms predicted later deflections in GAD and separation anxiety symptoms. Females had higher levels of symptoms than males, but no evidence was found for variation in symptom trajectories or their associations with one another by gender or by age. %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 43 %P 311–323 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s10802-014-9898-1 %0 Journal Article %J Current Opinion in Psychiatry %D 2015 %T Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: prevalence, correlates and consequences %A Atwoli, Lukoye %A Stein, Dan J. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Comorbidity %K Global Health %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Post-Traumatic %K Prevalence %K Psychological Trauma %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %K Stress Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Violence %X PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review discusses recent findings from epidemiological surveys of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) globally, including their prevalence, risk factors, and consequences in the community. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of studies on the epidemiology of PTSD have recently been published from diverse countries, with new methodological innovations introduced. Such work has not only documented the prevalence of PTSD in different settings, but has also shed new light on the PTSD conditional risk associated with specific traumatic events, and on the morbidity and comorbidities associated with these events. SUMMARY: Recent community studies show that trauma exposure is higher in lower-income countries compared with high-income countries. PTSD prevalence rates are largely similar across countries, however, with the highest rates being found in postconflict settings. Trauma and PTSD-risk factors are distributed differently in lower-income countries compared with high-income countries, with sociodemographic factors contributing more to this risk in high-income than low-income countries. Apart from PTSD, trauma exposure is also associated with several chronic physical conditions. These findings indicate a high burden of trauma exposure in low-income countries and postconflict settings, where access to trained mental health professionals is typically low. %B Current Opinion in Psychiatry %V 28 %P 307–311 %8 jul %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000167 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2015 %T High-Quality Foster Care Mitigates Callous-Unemotional Traits Following Early Deprivation in Boys: A Randomized Controlled Trial %A Humphreys, Kathryn L. %A McGoron, Lucy %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %K Adolescent %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K callous-unemotional traits %K Caregivers %K Child %K DEPRIVATION %K early adversity %K Empathy %K Female %K foster care %K Foster Home Care %K Humans %K Institutionalized %K Logistic Models %K Male %K prevention %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Romania %K Sex Factors %X OBJECTIVE: Callous-unemotional (CU) traits in childhood are a developmental precursor to psychopathy, yet the origins and etiology of CU traits are not known. We examined CU traits among 12-year-old children exposed to severe early deprivation and evaluated whether a high-quality foster care intervention mitigated the development of high levels of CU traits. METHOD: Participants were from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care for children in institutions. Children were recruited from institutions in Bucharest, Romania, along with age- and sex-matched children who were never institutionalized. Children raised in institutional settings were randomized (mean age = 22 months) to either a foster care group (n = 68) or a care-as-usual group (n = 68). CU traits were assessed at age 12.75 years in available participants from the randomized trial (n = 95) and children who were never institutionalized (n = 50). RESULTS: Children who experienced institutional rearing as young children had significantly higher levels of CU traits in early adolescence compared to children who were never institutionalized. Intent-to-treat analysis indicated that, among boys, CU traits were significantly lower among those who received the foster care intervention compared to those randomized to care as usual. Caregiver responsiveness to distress, but not caregiver warmth, mediated the intervention effect on CU traits in boys. CONCLUSION: These findings provide the first evidence to date that psychosocial intervention can prevent the onset of CU traits. Although severe early deprivation predicted higher levels of CU traits, high-quality foster care that emphasized responsive caregiving reduced the impact of deprivation on CU trait development for boys. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00747396. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 54 %P 977–983 %8 dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.010 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %D 2015 %T Low vagal tone magnifies the association between psychosocial stress exposure and internalizing psychopathology in adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Rith-Najarian, Leslie %A Dirks, Melanie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Bullying %K Child %K Child abuse %K Crime Victims %K Depression %K Emotions %K Female %K Heart Rate %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Psychological %K psychopathology %K Respiratory Rate %K Respiratory sinus arrhythmia %K STRESS %K Violence %X Vagal tone is a measure of cardiovascular function that facilitates adaptive responses to environmental challenge. Low vagal tone is associated with poor emotional and attentional regulation in children and has been conceptualized as a marker of sensitivity to stress. We investigated whether the associations of a wide range of psychosocial stressors with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology were magnified in adolescents with low vagal tone. Resting heart period data were collected from a diverse community sample of adolescents (ages 13-17; N = 168). Adolescents completed measures assessing internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and exposure to stressors occurring in family, peer, and community contexts. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was calculated from the interbeat interval time series. We estimated interactions between RSA and stress exposure in predicting internalizing and externalizing symptoms and evaluated whether interactions differed by gender. Exposure to psychosocial stressors was associated strongly with psychopathology. RSA was unrelated to internalizing or externalizing problems. Significant interactions were observed between RSA and child abuse, community violence, peer victimization, and traumatic events in predicting internalizing but not externalizing symptoms. Stressors were positively associated with internalizing symptoms in adolescents with low RSA but not in those with high RSA. Similar patterns were observed for anxiety and depression. These interactions were more consistently observed for male than female individuals. Low vagal tone is associated with internalizing psychopathology in adolescents exposed to high levels of stressors. Measurement of vagal tone in clinical settings might provide useful information about sensitivity to stress in child and adolescent clients. %B Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %V 44 %P 314–328 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1080/15374416.2013.843464 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2015 %T Maternal experience of abuse in childhood and depressive symptoms in adolescent and adult offspring: A 21-year longitudinal study. %A Roberts, Andrea L. %A Chen, Ying %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Austin, Sydney Bryn %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Children %K adult offspring %K Child %K Child abuse %K Depression %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Maternal Behavior %K Mental Health %K Mothers %K Risk %K sexual abuse %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Intergenerational effects of child abuse have been documented, but it is unknown whether maternal childhood abuse influences offspring mental health in adolescence or adulthood. METHODS: To examine whether maternal experience of childhood abuse is associated with depressive symptoms in adolescent and young adult offspring, we linked data from two large longitudinal cohorts of women (N = 8,882) and their offspring (N = 11,402), and we examined three possible pathways by which maternal experience of abuse might be associated with offspring depressive symptoms: maternal mental health, family characteristics, and offspring's own experience of abuse. RESULTS: Offspring of women who experienced severe versus no childhood abuse had greater likelihood of high depressive symptoms (RR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.47, 2.16) and persistent high depressive symptoms (RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.37, 4.44). Maternal mental health accounted for 20.9% and offspring's exposure to abuse accounted for 30.3% of the elevated risk of high depressive symptoms. Disparities in offspring depressive symptoms by maternal abuse exposure were evident at age 12 years and persisted through age 31 years. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence that childhood abuse adversely affects the mental health of the victim's offspring well into adulthood. As offspring exposure to abuse and maternal mental health accounted for more than 50% of the elevated risk of high depressive symptoms among offspring of women who experienced abuse, improving maternal mental health and parenting practices may reduce offspring risk for depressive symptoms in these families. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 32 %P 709–719 %8 oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1002/da.22395 %0 Journal Article %J Administration and Policy in Mental Health %D 2015 %T Neighborhood sociodemographic predictors of Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED) in schools: demonstrating a small area estimation method in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS-A) Adolescent Supplement %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Alegría, Margarita %A Ronald C. Kessler %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %K Adolescent %K Affective Symptoms %K Comorbidity %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Prevalence %K Residence Characteristics %K Schools %K Small-Area Analysis %K Socioeconomic Factors %X We evaluate the precision of a model estimating school prevalence of SED using a small area estimation method based on readily-available predictors from area-level census block data and school principal questionnaires. Adolescents at 314 schools participated in the National Comorbidity Supplement, a national survey of DSM-IV disorders among adolescents. A multilevel model indicated that predictors accounted for under half of the variance in school-level SED and even less when considering block-group predictors or principal report alone. While Census measures and principal questionnaires are significant predictors of individual-level SED, associations are too weak to generate precise school-level predictions of SED prevalence. %B Administration and Policy in Mental Health %V 42 %P 111–120 %8 jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s10488-014-0550-8 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs %D 2015 %T Social networks and sexual orientation disparities in tobacco and alcohol use %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Xuan, Ziming %K Adolescent %K Alcohol Drinking %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Minority Groups %K Peer Group %K Sexual Behavior %K Social Support %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Tobacco %K Tobacco Use Disorder %X OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the composition of social networks contributes to sexual orientation disparities in substance use and misuse. METHOD: Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative cohort study of adolescents (N = 20,745). Wave 1 collected extensive information about the social networks of participants through peer nomination inventories. RESULTS: Same- and both-sex-attracted youths had higher frequency/quantity of tobacco use in their peer networks than did opposite-sex-attracted youths, and both-sex-attracted youths had higher frequency/quantity of alcohol use and misuse in their peer networks than opposite-sex-attracted youths. Among same- and both-sex-attracted youths, greater frequency/quantity of tobacco use in one's social network predicted greater use of cigarettes. In addition, greater frequency/quantity of peers' drinking and drinking to intoxication predicted more alcohol use and alcohol misuse in the both-sex-attracted group. These social network factors mediated sexual orientation-related disparities in tobacco use for both- and same-sex-attracted youths. Moreover, sexual orientation disparities in alcohol misuse were mediated by social network characteristics for the same-sex and both-sex-attracted youths. Importantly, sexual minority adolescents were no more likely to have other sexual minorities in their social networks than were sexual majority youths, ruling out an alternative explanation for our results. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of social networks as correlates of substance use behaviors among sexual minority youths and as potential pathways explaining sexual orientation disparities in substance use outcomes. %B Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs %V 76 %P 117–126 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2015 %T Sub-threshold PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Friedman, Matthew J. %A Ruscio, Ayelet Meron %A Karam, Elie G. %A Shahly, Victoria %A Stein, Dan J. %A Hill, Eric D. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Alonso, Jordi %A Andrade, Laura Helena %A Angermeyer, Matthias C. %A Borges, Guilherme %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Graaf, Ron %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Florescu, Silvia E. %A Mladenova, Maya %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Scott, Kate M. %A Takeshima, Tadashi %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Epidemiology %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K nosology %K Partial PTSD %K Post-Traumatic %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K Prevalence %K PTSD %K Severity of Illness Index %K Stress Disorders %K Subthreshold PTSD %K World Health Organization %X BACKGROUND: Although only a few people exposed to a traumatic event (TE) develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), symptoms that do not meet full PTSD criteria are common and often clinically significant. Individuals with these symptoms sometimes have been characterized as having subthreshold PTSD, but no consensus exists on the optimal definition of this term. Data from a large cross-national epidemiologic survey are used in this study to provide a principled basis for such a definition. METHODS: The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys administered fully structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews to community samples in 13 countries containing assessments of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs. Focusing on the 23,936 respondents reporting lifetime TE exposure, associations of approximated DSM-5 PTSD symptom profiles with six outcomes (distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbid fear-distress disorders, PTSD symptom duration) were examined to investigate implications of different subthreshold definitions. RESULTS: Although consistently highest outcomes for distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbidity, and PTSD symptom duration were observed among the 3.0% of respondents with DSM-5 PTSD rather than other symptom profiles, the additional 3.6% of respondents meeting two or three of DSM-5 criteria B-E also had significantly elevated scores for most outcomes. The proportion of cases with threshold versus subthreshold PTSD varied depending on TE type, with threshold PTSD more common following interpersonal violence and subthreshold PTSD more common following events happening to loved ones. CONCLUSIONS: Subthreshold DSM-5 PTSD is most usefully defined as meeting two or three of DSM-5 criteria B-E. Use of a consistent definition is critical to advance understanding of the prevalence, predictors, and clinical significance of subthreshold PTSD. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 77 %P 375–384 %8 feb %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.028 %0 Journal Article %J Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %D 2015 %T Towards a person-centered approach to the developmental psychopathology of trauma %A Jenness, Jessica L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Wounds and Injuries %B Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %V 50 %P 1219–1221 %8 aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1007/s00127-015-1095-1 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology %D 2015 %T Variation in CACNA1C is Associated with Amygdala Structure and Function in Adolescents %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Stacy S. Drury %A Esteves, Kyle C. %A Walsh, Kate %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Alleles %K Amygdala %K Atrophy %K Calcium Channels %K Emotions %K Female %K Functional Neuroimaging %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Homozygote %K Humans %K L-Type %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Polymorphism %K Single Nucleotide %K Young Adult %X {OBJECTIVE: Genome-wide association studies have identified allelic variation in CACNA1C as a risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders associated with limbic system dysfunction, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. The CACNA1C gene codes for a subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which modulate amygdala function. Although CACNA1C genotype appears to be associated with amygdala morphology and function in adults with and without psychopathology, whether genetic variation influences amygdala structure and function earlier in development has not been examined. METHODS: In this first investigation of the neural correlates of CACNA1C in young individuals, we examined associations between two single nucleotide polymorphisms in CACNA1C (rs1006737 and rs4765914) with amygdala volume and activation during an emotional processing task in 58 adolescents and young adults 13-20 years of age. RESULTS: Minor (T) allele carriers of rs4765914 exhibited smaller amygdala volume than major (C) allele homozygotes ($\beta$=-0.33 %B Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology %V 25 %P 701–710 %8 nov %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1089/cap.2015.0047 %0 Journal Article %J Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience %D 2015 %T What develops during emotional development? A component process approach to identifying sources of psychopathology risk in adolescence %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Garrad, Megan C. %A Somerville, Leah H. %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K adolescents %K Animals %K Brain %K development %K emotion %K Emotions %K Humans %K Mental Health %K psychopathology %K Risk %K trajectory %X Adolescence is a phase of the lifespan associated with widespread changes in emotional behavior thought to reflect both changing environments and stressors, and psychological and neurobiological development. However, emotions themselves are complex phenomena that are composed of multiple subprocesses. In this paper, we argue that examining emotional development from a process-level perspective facilitates important insights into the mechanisms that underlie adolescents' shifting emotions and intensified risk for psychopathology. Contrasting the developmental progressions for the antecedents to emotion, physiological reactivity to emotion, emotional regulation capacity, and motivation to experience particular affective states reveals complex trajectories that intersect in a unique way during adolescence. We consider the implications of these intersecting trajectories for negative outcomes such as psychopathology, as well as positive outcomes for adolescent social bonds. %B Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience %V 17 %P 403–410 %8 dec %G eng %N 4 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse & Neglect %D 2015 %T Exposure to violence in childhood is associated with higher body mass index in adolescence %A Gooding, Holly C. %A Milliren, Carly %A Austin, S. Bryn %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adolescents %K Body Mass Index %K Child abuse %K Obesity %K Violence %X To determine whether different types of childhood adversity are associated with body mass index (BMI) in adolescence, we studied 147 adolescents aged 13–17 years, 41% of whom reported exposure to at least one adversity (maltreatment, abuse, peer victimization, or witness to community or domestic violence). We examined associations between adversity type and age- and sex-specific BMI z-scores using linear regression and overweight and obese status using logistic regression. We adjusted for potential socio-demographic, behavioral, and psychological confounders and tested for effect modification by gender. Adolescents with a history of sexual abuse, emotional abuse, or peer victimization did not have significantly different BMI z-scores than those without exposure (p\textgreater0.05 for all comparisons). BMI z-scores were higher in adolescents who had experienced physical abuse ($\beta$=0.50, 95% CI 0.12–0.91) or witnessed domestic violence ($\beta$=0.85, 95% CI 0.30–1.40). Participants who witnessed domestic violence had almost 6 times the odds of being overweight or obese (95% CI: 1.09–30.7), even after adjustment for potential confounders. No gender-by-adversity interactions were found. Exposure to violence in childhood is associated with higher adolescent BMI. This finding highlights the importance of screening for violence in pediatric practice and providing obesity prevention counseling for youth. %B Child Abuse & Neglect %V 50 %P 151–158 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213415002732 %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.08.005 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology %D 2014 %T Developmental Epidemiology %A McLaughlin, K. A. %E Michael Lewis %E Karen D. Rudolph %B Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology %7 3 %I Springer %P 87-107 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Drug and Alcohol Dependence %D 2014 %T Exposure to the Lebanon War of 2006 and effects on alcohol use disorders: The moderating role of childhood maltreatment %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Shmulewitz, Dvora %A Greenstein, Eliana %A McLaughlin, Kate %A Wall, Melanie %A Aharonovich, Efrat %A Weizman, Abraham %A Frisch, Amos %A Spivak, Baruch %A Grant, Bridget F. %A Hasin, Deborah %K Alcohol disorders %K Childhood maltreatment %K Interaction %K Israel %K STRESS %K War %X {Background Civilian populations now comprise the majority of casualties in modern warfare, but effects of war exposure on alcohol disorders in the general population are largely unexplored. Accumulating literature indicates that adverse experiences early in life sensitize individuals to increased alcohol problems after adult stressful experiences. However, child and adult stressful experiences can be correlated, limiting interpretation. We examine risk for alcohol disorders among Israelis after the 2006 Lebanon War, a fateful event outside the control of civilian individuals and uncorrelated with childhood experiences. Further, we test whether those with a history of maltreatment are at greater risk for an alcohol use disorder after war exposure compared to those without such a history. Methods Adult household residents selected from the Israeli population register were assessed with a psychiatric structured interview; the analyzed sample included 1306 respondents. War measures included self-reported days in an exposed region. Results Among those with a history of maltreatment, those in a war-exposed region for 30+ days had 5.3 times the odds of subsequent alcohol disorders compared to those exposed 0 days (95%C.I. 1.01–27.76), controlled for relevant confounders; the odds ratio for those without this history was 0.5 (95%C.I. 0.25–1.01); test for interaction: X2=5.28 %B Drug and Alcohol Dependence %V 134 %P 296–303 %8 jan %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871613004390 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.014 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2014 %T The effects of temporally secondary co-morbid mental disorders on the associations of DSM-IV ADHD with adverse outcomes in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) %A Kessler, R.C. %A Adler, L. A. %A Berglund, P. %A Green, J. G. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Fayyad, J. %A Russo, L. J. %A Sampson, N. A. %A Shahly, V. %A Zaslavsky, A. M. %X Background. Although DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be associated with numerous adverse outcomes, uncertainties exist about how much these associations are mediated temporally by secondary comorbid disorders. Method. The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13–17 years (n = 6483 adolescent–parent pairs), assessed DSM-IV disorders with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Statistical decomposition was used to compare direct effects of ADHD with indirect effects of ADHD through temporally secondary mental disorders (anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, substance disorders) in predicting poor educational performance (suspension, repeating a grade, below-average grades), suicidality (ideation, plans, attempts) and parent perceptions of adolescent functioning (physical and mental health, interference with role functioning and distress due to emotional problems). Results. ADHD had significant gross associations with all outcomes. Direct effects of ADHD explained most (51.9–67.6%) of these associations with repeating a grade in school, perceived physical and mental health (only girls), interference with role functioning and distress, and significant components (34.5–44.6%) of the associations with school suspension and perceived mental health (only boys). Indirect effects of ADHD on educational outcomes were predominantly through disruptive behavior disorders (26.9–52.5%) whereas indirect effects on suicidality were predominantly through mood disorders (42.8–59.1%). Indirect effects on most other outcomes were through both mood (19.8–31.2%) and disruptive behavior (20.1–24.5%) disorders, with anxiety and substance disorders less consistently important. Most associations were comparable for girls and boys. Conclusions. Interventions aimed at reducing the adverse effects of ADHD might profitably target prevention or treatment of temporally secondary co-morbid disorders. %B Psychological Medicine %V 44 %P 1779–1792 %G eng %U http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033291713002419 %N 08 %R 10.1017/S0033291713002419 %0 Journal Article %J Drug and Alcohol Dependence %D 2014 %T Exposure to the Lebanon War of 2006 and effects on alcohol use disorders: The moderating role of childhood maltreatment %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Shmulewitz, Dvora %A Greenstein, Eliana %A McLaughlin, Kate %A Wall, Melanie %A Aharonovich, Efrat %A Weizman, Abraham %A Frisch, Amos %A Spivak, Baruch %A Grant, Bridget F. %A Hasin, Deborah %K Alcohol disorders %K Childhood maltreatment %K Interaction %K Israel %K STRESS %K War %X {Background Civilian populations now comprise the majority of casualties in modern warfare, but effects of war exposure on alcohol disorders in the general population are largely unexplored. Accumulating literature indicates that adverse experiences early in life sensitize individuals to increased alcohol problems after adult stressful experiences. However, child and adult stressful experiences can be correlated, limiting interpretation. We examine risk for alcohol disorders among Israelis after the 2006 Lebanon War, a fateful event outside the control of civilian individuals and uncorrelated with childhood experiences. Further, we test whether those with a history of maltreatment are at greater risk for an alcohol use disorder after war exposure compared to those without such a history. Methods Adult household residents selected from the Israeli population register were assessed with a psychiatric structured interview; the analyzed sample included 1306 respondents. War measures included self-reported days in an exposed region. Results Among those with a history of maltreatment, those in a war-exposed region for 30+ days had 5.3 times the odds of subsequent alcohol disorders compared to those exposed 0 days (95%C.I. 1.01–27.76), controlled for relevant confounders; the odds ratio for those without this history was 0.5 (95%C.I. 0.25–1.01); test for interaction: X2=5.28 %B Drug and Alcohol Dependence %V 134 %P 296–303 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871613004390 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.014 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2014 %T Amygdala response to negative stimuli predicts PTSD symptom onset following a terrorist attack %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Busso, Daniel S. %A Duys, Andrea %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Alves, Sonia %A Way, Marcus %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K Amygdala %K Brain Mapping %K Emotions %K Female %K Functional Neuroimaging %K hippocampus %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Post-Traumatic %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K Prefrontal Cortex %K Risk Factors %K STRESS %K Stress Disorders %K terrorism %K trauma %X OBJECTIVE: Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit heightened amygdala reactivity and atypical activation patterns in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in response to negative emotional information. It is unknown whether these aspects of neural function are risk factors for PTSD or consequences of either trauma exposure or onset of the disorder. We had a unique opportunity to investigate this issue following the terrorist attacks at the 2013 Boston Marathon and the ensuing manhunt and shelter in place order. We examined associations of neural function measured prior to the attack with PTSD symptom onset related to these events. METHODS: A sample of 15 adolescents (mean age = 16.5 years) who previously participated in a neuroimaging study completed a survey assessing posttraumatic symptoms related to the terrorist attack. We examined blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to viewing and actively down-regulating emotional responses to negative stimuli in regions previously associated with PTSD, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and mPFC, as prospective predictors of posttraumatic symptom onset. RESULTS: Increased BOLD signal to negative emotional stimuli in the left amygdala was strongly associated with posttraumatic symptoms following the attack. Reduced bilateral hippocampal activation during effortful attempts to down-regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli was also associated with greater posttraumatic symptoms. Associations of amygdala reactivity with posttraumatic symptoms were robust to controls for pre-existing depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms and prior exposure to violence. CONCLUSIONS: Amygdala reactivity to negative emotional information might represent a neurobiological marker of vulnerability to traumatic stress and, potentially, a risk factor for PTSD. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 31 %P 834–842 %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1002/da.22284 %0 Journal Article %J Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors %D 2014 %T Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past-year drug use disorders in the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) %A Myers, Bronwyn %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Wang, Shuai %A Blanco, Carlos %A Stein, Dan J. %K 80 and over %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Aged %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prevalence %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K STRESS %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Young Adult %X Stress sensitization, whereby CA lowers tolerance to later stressors, has been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the association between exposure to childhood adversities (CA) and drug use disorders in adulthood. However, this mechanism remains untested. This paper begins to address this gap through exploring associations between CA exposure and stressful events in adulthood for predicting drug use disorders. We used data drawn from Wave 2 of the U.S. National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 34,653) to explore whether the association between past-year stressful life events and the 12-month prevalence of disordered cannabis, stimulant, and opiate use varied by the number of types of CA that an individual was exposed to. Past-year stressful life events were associated with an increased risk of cannabis, stimulant, and opiate use disorders among men and women. Exposure to CA was associated with increased risk for disordered cannabis use among men and women and opiate use among men only. Finally, we found significant associations between exposure to CA and past-year stressful life events in predicting disordered drug use, but only for women in relation to disordered stimulant and opiate use. Findings are suggestive of possible stress sensitization effects in predicting disordered stimulant and opiate use among women. Implications of these findings for the prevention and treatment of drug use disorders and for future research are discussed. %B Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors %V 28 %P 1117–1126 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0037459 %0 Journal Article %J Violence and Victims %D 2014 %T Anger-related dysregulation as a factor linking childhood physical abuse and interparental violence to intimate partner violence experiences %A Iverson, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Adair, Kathryn C. %A Monson, Candice M. %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Anger %K Child %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Self Concept %K Spouse Abuse %K Survivors %K Young Adult %X OBJECTIVE: Childhood family violence exposure is associated with increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain inadequately understood. Difficulties with emotion regulation may be one factor that helps to explain this relationship. METHOD: Childhood physical abuse and interparental violence, as well as subsequent IPV experiences, were assessed in a large sample of young adults (N = 670). Several indicators of anger-related dysregulation were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to create a latent variable of anger-related dysregulation, which was examined as a potential mediator of the associations between childhood family violence exposure and IPV. RESULTS: Childhood physical abuse and interparental violence were associated with greater physical, sexual, and emotional IPV victimization. Childhood physical abuse and interparental violence were also associated with anger-related dysregulation, which was positively associated with all three types of IPV experiences. Anger-related dysregulation fully mediated the association between witnessing interparental violence and physical IPV. Anger-related dysregulation partially mediated the association between witnessing interparental violence and psychological IPV and the associations of childhood physical abuse with all three forms of IPV. These associations were consistent across gender. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions aimed at reducing IPV risk among survivors of childhood family violence may benefit from including techniques to target anger-related emotion regulation skills. %B Violence and Victims %V 29 %P 564–578 %G eng %N 4 %0 Journal Article %J Stress %D 2014 %T The biopsychosocial model of stress in adolescence: self-awareness of performance versus stress reactivity %A Rith-Najarian, Leslie R. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Matthew K. Nock %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Boston %K Cardiac Output %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Male %K Models %K Observer Variation %K Performance Anxiety %K Psychological %K Psychology %K Psychomotor Performance %K Reproducibility of Results %K Self Concept %K Self-Assessment %K Sex Factors %K Speech %K STRESS %K Vascular Resistance %X Extensive research among adults supports the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat, which describes relationships among stress appraisals, physiological stress reactivity, and performance; however, no previous studies have examined these relationships in adolescents. Perceptions of stressors as well as physiological reactivity to stress increase during adolescence, highlighting the importance of understanding the relationships among stress appraisals, physiological reactivity, and performance during this developmental period. In this study, 79 adolescent participants reported on stress appraisals before and after a Trier Social Stress Test in which they performed a speech task. Physiological stress reactivity was defined by changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance from a baseline rest period to the speech task, and performance on the speech was coded using an objective rating system. We observed in adolescents only two relationships found in past adult research on the BPS model variables: (1) pre-task stress appraisal predicted post-task stress appraisal and (2) performance predicted post-task stress appraisal. Physiological reactivity during the speech was unrelated to pre- and post-task stress appraisals and to performance. We conclude that the lack of association between post-task stress appraisal and physiological stress reactivity suggests that adolescents might have low self-awareness of physiological emotional arousal. Our findings further suggest that adolescent stress appraisals are based largely on their performance during stressful situations. Developmental implications of this potential lack of awareness of one's physiological and emotional state during adolescence are discussed. %B Stress %V 17 %P 193–203 %8 mar %G eng %N 2 %R 10.3109/10253890.2014.891102 %0 Journal Article %J The American Journal of Psychiatry %D 2014 %T The burden of loss: unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Pratt, Charissa %A Galea, Sandro %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Shear, M. Katherine %K Age Factors %K Bereavement %K Cost of Illness %K Death %K Humans %K Incidence %K Mental Disorders %K United States %X OBJECTIVE: Unexpected death of a loved one is common and associated with subsequent elevations in symptoms of multiple forms of psychopathology. Determining whether this experience predicts novel onset of psychiatric disorders and whether these associations vary across the life course has important clinical implications. The authors examined associations of a loved one's unexpected death with first onset of common anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in a population-based sample. METHOD: The relation between unexpected death of a loved one and first onset of lifetime DSM-IV disorders was estimated by using a structured interview of adults in the U.S. general population (analytic sample size=27,534). Models controlled for prior occurrence of any disorder, other traumatic experiences, and demographic variables. RESULTS: Unexpected death of a loved one was the most common traumatic experience and most likely to be rated as the respondent's worst, regardless of other traumatic experiences. Increased incidence after unexpected death was observed at nearly every point across the life course for major depressive episode, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Increased incidence was clustered in later adult age groups for manic episode, phobias, alcohol use disorders, and generalized anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The bereavement period is associated with elevated risk for the onset of multiple psychiatric disorders, consistently across the life course and coincident with the experience of the loved one's death. Novel associations between unexpected death and onset of several disorders, including mania, confirm multiple case reports and results of small studies and suggest an important emerging area for clinical research and practice. %B The American Journal of Psychiatry %V 171 %P 864–871 %8 aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132 %0 Journal Article %J Psychosomatic Medicine %D 2014 %T Child maltreatment and autonomic nervous system reactivity: identifying dysregulated stress reactivity patterns by using the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Alves, Sonia %A Mendes, Wendy Berry %K Adolescent %K Autonomic Nervous System %K Blood Pressure %K Cardiography %K Child abuse %K Electrocardiography %K Female %K Humans %K Impedance %K Male %K Psychological %K STRESS %K Vascular Resistance %X {OBJECTIVE: Disruptions in stress response system development have been posited as mechanisms linking child maltreatment (CM) to psychopathology. Existing theories predict elevated sympathetic nervous system reactivity after CM, but evidence for this is inconsistent. We present a novel framework for conceptualizing stress reactivity after CM that uses the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. We predicted that in the context of a social-evaluative stressor, maltreated adolescents would exhibit a threat pattern of reactivity, involving sympathetic nervous system activation paired with elevated vascular resistance and blunted cardiac output (CO) reactivity. METHODS: A sample of 168 adolescents (mean age =14.9 years) participated. Recruitment targeted maltreated adolescents; 38.2% were maltreated. Electrocardiogram, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were acquired at rest and during an evaluated social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). Pre-ejection period (PEP), CO, and total peripheral resistance reactivity were computed during task preparation, speech delivery, and verbal mental arithmetic. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed. RESULTS: Maltreatment was unrelated to PEP reactivity during preparation or speech, but maltreated adolescents had reduced PEP reactivity during math. Maltreatment exposure (F(1,145) = 3.8-9.4 %B Psychosomatic Medicine %V 76 %P 538–546 %8 sep %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000098 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse & Neglect %D 2014 %T Child maltreatment and blood pressure in young adulthood %A Gooding, Holly C. %A Milliren, Carly %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Richmond, Tracy K. %A Katz-Wise, Sabra L. %A Rich-Edwards, Janet %A Austin, S. Bryn %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Blood Pressure %K Child %K Child abuse %K child abuse/psychology %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Gene-Environment Interaction %K Gene–environment interaction %K Humans %K Hypertension %K Infant %K Male %K Newborn %K Preschool %K Retrospective Studies %K Young Adult %X Adverse childhood experiences are associated with hypertension in older adults. This study assessed whether an association between child maltreatment and blood pressure is detectable in young adults and whether any association differs by sex or is modified by genetic polymorphisms known to be involved in stress sensitivity. We examined these patterns in a sample of 12,420 young adults ages 24-32 years who participated in Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Participants retrospectively reported history of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse before age 18 years. Participants with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) >=140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >=90 mmHg were classified as hypertensive. We used sex-stratified linear and logistic regression models to assess associations between each type of childhood maltreatment and SBP, DBP, and hypertension. We created interaction terms to assess for effect modification of any relationship between maltreatment and blood pressure by sex or SLC64A genotype. Fifteen percent of females and 31.5% of males were hypertensive. Frequent physical abuse in childhood was reported by 5%, frequent emotional abuse by 12%, and any sexual abuse by 5%. No association was observed between abuse history and blood pressure in either males or females, nor was effect modification present by SLC64A genotype. Child maltreatment exposure was not associated with blood pressure or hypertension in young adults in this study. Future studies should investigate additional critical windows for the effect of child maltreatment on cardiovascular health. %B Child Abuse & Neglect %V 38 %P 1747–1754 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.019 %0 Journal Article %J Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews %D 2014 %T Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Lambert, Hilary K. %K Animal %K Animals %K Fear %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Maternal Deprivation %K Models %K neurogenesis %K Psychological %K Sensory Deprivation %K STRESS %X A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences of adverse early environments require the identification of dimensions of environmental experience that influence neural development differently and mechanisms other than the frequently-invoked stress pathways. We propose a novel conceptual framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected environmental inputs and complexity) and threat (presence of experiences that represent a threat to one's physical integrity) and make predictions grounded in basic neuroscience principles about their distinct effects on neural development. We review animal research on fear learning and sensory deprivation as well as human research on childhood adversity and neural development to support these predictions. We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways. Our aim is not to exhaustively review existing evidence on childhood adversity and neural development, but to provide a novel framework to guide future research. %B Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews %V 47 %P 578–591 %8 nov %G eng %R 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 %0 Journal Article %J Psychoneuroendocrinology %D 2014 %T CRHR1 genotype and history of maltreatment predict cortisol reactivity to stress in adolescents %A Sumner, Jennifer A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Walsh, Kate %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K adolescence %K Adolescent %K Child abuse %K child maltreatment %K Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone %K Cortisol %K CRHR1 %K DNA %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Genetics %K Genotype %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Male %K Polymerase Chain Reaction %K Polymorphism %K Psychological %K Receptors %K Single Nucleotide %K STRESS %K Stress reactivity %K Trier Social Stress Test %X This study examined the contributions of a polymorphism of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (CRHR1) gene (rs110402) and a history of child maltreatment–alone and in interaction–to patterns of cortisol reactivity in adolescents. Adolescents between the age of 13 and 17 years with (n=61) and without (n=97) a history of child maltreatment were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Salivary cortisol was assessed at baseline, and 15 and 30 min after the start of the speech portion of the TSST. Saliva samples for genotyping rs110402 also were collected. Adolescents with one or more G alleles of rs110402, relative to A allele homozygotes, and those exposed to maltreatment, relative to non-exposed adolescents, exhibited blunted cortisol reactivity to the TSST (although these associations approached, but did not reach, the level of statistical significance when accounting for underlying population structure in our racially and ethnically diverse sample). There was also a trend for a stronger child maltreatment association with cortisol hypo-reactivity among G allele carriers, but this association was not statistically significant. Findings suggest that CRHR1 variation may moderate the downstream effects of child maltreatment on HPA axis function, and implications for understanding mechanisms of risk associated with early adversity are discussed. %B Psychoneuroendocrinology %V 43 %P 71–80 %8 may %G eng %R 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.002 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2014 %T Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys %A Karam, Elie G. %A Friedman, Matthew J. %A Hill, Eric D. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Sampson, Laura %A Shahly, Victoria %A Angermeyer, Matthias C. %A Bromet, Evelyn J. %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Graaf, Ron %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Ferry, Finola %A Florescu, Silvia E. %A Haro, Josep Maria %A He, Yanling %A Karam, Aimee N. %A Kawakami, Norito %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Medina-Mora, María Elena %A Browne, Mark A. Oakley %A Posada-Villa, José A. %A Shalev, Arieh Y. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Viana, Maria Carmen %A Zarkov, Zahari %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age of Onset %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Epidemiology %K Europe %K Female %K functional impairment %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Internationality %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Post-Traumatic %K Prevalence %K Psychological %K PTSD %K Risk Factors %K STRESS %K Stress Disorders %K United States %K World Mental Health Surveys %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Clinical research suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exposed to multiple traumatic events (TEs) rather than a single TE have increased morbidity and dysfunction. Although epidemiological surveys in the United States and Europe also document high rates of multiple TE exposure, no population-based cross-national data have examined this issue. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 20 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative (n = 51,295 aged 18+). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (3.0) assessed 12-month PTSD and other common DSM-IV disorders. Respondents with 12-month PTSD were assessed for single versus multiple TEs implicated in their symptoms. Associations were examined with age of onset (AOO), functional impairment, comorbidity, and PTSD symptom counts. RESULTS: 19.8% of respondents with 12-month PTSD reported that their symptoms were associated with multiple TEs. Cases who associated their PTSD with four or more TEs had greater functional impairment, an earlier AOO, longer duration, higher comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders, elevated hyperarousal symptoms, higher proportional exposures to partner physical abuse and other types of physical assault, and lower proportional exposure to unexpected death of a loved one than cases with fewer associated TEs. CONCLUSIONS: A risk threshold was observed in this large-scale cross-national database wherein cases who associated their PTSD with four or more TEs presented a more "complex" clinical picture with substantially greater functional impairment and greater morbidity than other cases of PTSD. PTSD cases associated with four or more TEs may merit specific and targeted intervention strategies. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 31 %P 130–142 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/da.22169 %0 Journal Article %J Trends in Cognitive Sciences %D 2014 %T Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K adverse childhood experiences %K Animals %K Child %K Child abuse %K Child Development %K DEPRIVATION %K Fear %K fear learning %K Humans %K institutionalization %K maltreatment %K neurodevelopment %K neurogenesis %K Preschool %K Psychosocial Deprivation %X Over the past decade, a growing area of research has focused on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their impacts on neural and developmental outcomes. Work in the field to-date has generally conceptualized ACEs in terms of exposure to stress while overlooking the underlying dimensions of environmental experience that may distinctly impact neural development. Here, we propose a novel framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected cognitive and social input) and threat (presence of a threat to one's physical integrity). We draw support for the neural basis of this distinction from studies on fear learning and sensory deprivation in animals to highlight potential mechanisms through which experiences of threat and deprivation could affect neural structure and function in humans. %B Trends in Cognitive Sciences %V 18 %P 580–585 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2014 %T DSM-5 and ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating "narrow" and "broad" approaches %A Stein, Dan J. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Atwoli, Lukoye %A Friedman, Matthew J. %A Hill, Eric D. %A Maercker, Andreas %A Petukhova, Maria %A Shahly, Victoria %A van Ommeren, Mark %A Alonso, Jordi %A Borges, Guilherme %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Jonge, Peter %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Florescu, Silvia %A Karam, Elie G. %A Kawakami, Norito %A Matschinger, Herbert %A Okoliyski, Michail %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Scott, Kate M. %A Viana, Maria Carmen %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Americas %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K DSM-5 %K DSM-IV %K Epidemiology %K Europe %K Global Health %K Humans %K ICD-10 %K ICD-11 %K International Classification of Diseases %K Japan %K Life Change Events %K New Zealand %K nosology %K Post-Traumatic %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K Stress Disorders %K World Mental Health Surveys %X BACKGROUND: The development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) and ICD-11 has led to reconsideration of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys allow investigation of the implications of the changing criteria compared to DSM-IV and ICD-10. METHODS: WMH Surveys in 13 countries asked respondents to enumerate all their lifetime traumatic events (TEs) and randomly selected one TE per respondent for PTSD assessment. DSM-IV and ICD-10 PTSD were assessed for the 23,936 respondents who reported lifetime TEs in these surveys with the fully structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). DSM-5 and proposed ICD-11 criteria were approximated. Associations of the different criteria sets with indicators of clinical severity (distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbid fear-distress disorders, PTSD symptom duration) were examined to investigate the implications of using the different systems. RESULTS: A total of 5.6% of respondents met criteria for "broadly defined" PTSD (i.e., full criteria in at least one diagnostic system), with prevalence ranging from 3.0% with DSM-5 to 4.4% with ICD-10. Only one-third of broadly defined cases met criteria in all four systems and another one third in only one system (narrowly defined cases). Between-system differences in indicators of clinical severity suggest that ICD-10 criteria are least strict and DSM-IV criteria most strict. The more striking result, though, is that significantly elevated indicators of clinical significance were found even for narrowly defined cases for each of the four diagnostic systems. CONCLUSIONS: These results argue for a broad definition of PTSD defined by any one of the different systems to capture all clinically significant cases of PTSD in future studies. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 31 %P 494–505 %8 jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1002/da.22279 %0 Journal Article %J World Psychiatry %D 2014 %T How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Rose, Sherri %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Karam, Elie G. %A Stang, Paul E. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Heeringa, Steven G. %A Hill, Eric D. %A Liberzon, Israel %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A McLean, Samuel A. %A Pennell, Beth E. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Rosellini, Anthony J. %A Ruscio, Ayelet M. %A Shahly, Victoria %A Shalev, Arieh Y. %A Silove, Derrick %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Angermeyer, Matthias C. %A Bromet, Evelyn J. %A de Almeida, José Miguel Caldas %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Jonge, Peter %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Florescu, Silvia E. %A Gureje, Oye %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Hinkov, Hristo %A Kawakami, Norito %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Lee, Sing %A Medina-Mora, Maria Elena %A Murphy, Samuel D. %A Navarro-Mateu, Fernando %A Piazza, Marina %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Scott, Kate %A Torres, Yolanda %A Viana, Maria Carmen %K machine learning %K penalized regression %K Post-traumatic stress disorder %K predictive modeling %K random forests %K ridge regression %X Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be one of the most preventable mental disorders, since many people exposed to traumatic experiences (TEs) could be targeted in first response settings in the immediate aftermath of exposure for preventive intervention. However, these interventions are costly and the proportion of TE-exposed people who develop PTSD is small. To be cost-effective, risk prediction rules are needed to target high-risk people in the immediate aftermath of a TE. Although a number of studies have been carried out to examine prospective predictors of PTSD among people recently exposed to TEs, most were either small or focused on a narrow sample, making it unclear how well PTSD can be predicted in the total population of people exposed to TEs. The current report investigates this issue in a large sample based on the World Health Organization (WHO)'s World Mental Health Surveys. Retrospective reports were obtained on the predictors of PTSD associated with 47,466 TE exposures in representative community surveys carried out in 24 countries. Machine learning methods (random forests, penalized regression, super learner) were used to develop a model predicting PTSD from information about TE type, socio-demographics, and prior histories of cumulative TE exposure and DSM-IV disorders. DSM-IV PTSD prevalence was 4.0% across the 47,466 TE exposures. 95.6% of these PTSD cases were associated with the 10.0% of exposures (i.e., 4,747) classified by machine learning algorithm as having highest predicted PTSD risk. The 47,466 exposures were divided into 20 ventiles (20 groups of equal size) ranked by predicted PTSD risk. PTSD occurred after 56.3% of the TEs in the highest-risk ventile, 20.0% of the TEs in the second highest ventile, and 0.0-1.3% of the TEs in the 18 remaining ventiles. These patterns of differential risk were quite stable across demographic-geographic sub-samples. These results demonstrate that a sensitive risk algorithm can be created using data collected in the immediate aftermath of TE exposure to target people at highest risk of PTSD. However, validation of the algorithm is needed in prospective samples, and additional work is warranted to refine the algorithm both in terms of determining a minimum required predictor set and developing a practical administration and scoring protocol that can be used in routine clinical practice. %B World Psychiatry %V 13 %P 265–274 %8 oct %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1002/wps.20150 %0 Journal Article %J Pediatrics %D 2014 %T Interventions to improve cortisol regulation in children: a systematic review %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Shonkoff, Jack P. %K adolescents %K Child %K childhood adversity %K Children %K Cortisol %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis %K infants %K Life Change Events %K life course %K prevention %K Psychological %K quasi-experimental study %K randomized controlled trial %K STRESS %K toxic stress %X Childhood adversity is associated with physiologic dysregulation across multiple biological systems; however, relatively little is known about whether these changes are reversible with intervention. The objective of this review was to examine evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to promote healthy cortisol regulation in children. We selected articles from English-language publications in PubMed and EBSCO databases through 2012. Two independent reviewers assessed articles against eligibility criteria. Eligible studies were randomized controlled or quasi-experimental studies designed to improve relationships, environments, or psychosocial functioning in children and examined cortisol as an outcome. We identified 19 articles. There was substantial heterogeneity across studies with regard to age, selection criteria, intervention design, cortisol assessment, and follow-up duration. Eighteen of the 19 articles reported at least 1 difference in baseline cortisol, diurnal cortisol, or cortisol responsivity between intervention and control participants. Importantly, however, there was remarkable inconsistency with regard to how the interventions influenced cortisol. Therefore, studies that included a low-risk comparison group (n = 8) provided critical insight, and each found some evidence that postintervention cortisol levels in the intervention group approximated the low-risk comparison group and differed from children receiving usual care. In conclusion, existing studies show that cortisol activity can be altered by psychosocial interventions. These findings are promising, not only because they indicate physiologic plasticity that can be leveraged by interventions but also because they suggest it may be possible to repair regulatory systems after childhood adversity, which could inform strategies for reducing health disparities and promoting lasting improvements in health. %B Pediatrics %V 133 %P 312–326 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1542/peds.2013-1632 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2014 %T Media exposure and sympathetic nervous system reactivity predict PTSD symptoms after the Boston marathon bombings %A Busso, Daniel S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Boston %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mass Media %K media exposure %K Post-Traumatic %K Posttraumatic stress disorder %K STRESS %K Stress Disorders %K Sympathetic Nervous System %K terrorism %K Violence %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Terrorist attacks have been shown to precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in children and adolescents, particularly among youths with high exposure to media coverage surrounding such events. Media exposure may be particularly likely to trigger PTSD symptoms in youths with high physiological reactivity to stress or with prior psychopathology or exposure to violence. We examined the interplay between media exposure, preattack psychopathology, autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity, and prior violence exposure in predicting PTSD symptom onset following the terrorist attack at the 2013 Boston Marathon. METHODS: A community sample of 78 adolescents (mean age = 16.7 years, 65% female) completed a survey about the bombings, including media exposure to the event and PTSD symptoms. All respondents participated in a study assessing psychopathology prior to the attack, and sympathetic and parasympathetic reactivity to a laboratory-based stressor was assessed in a subset (N = 44) of this sample. We examined the associations of media exposure, ANS reactivity, preattack psychopathology, and prior violence exposure with onset of PTSD symptoms related to the bombings. RESULTS: Media exposure, preattack psychopathology, and prior violence exposure were associated with PTSD symptoms. Moreover, media exposure interacted with sympathetic reactivity to predict PTSD symptom onset, such that adolescents with lower levels of sympathetic reactivity developed PTSD symptoms only following high exposure to media coverage of the attack. CONCLUSIONS: We provide novel evidence that physiological reactivity prior to exposure to an unpredictable traumatic stressor predicts PTSD symptom onset. These findings have implications for identifying youths most vulnerable to PTSD following wide-scale trauma. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 31 %P 551–558 %8 jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1002/da.22282 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Experimental Psychopathology %D 2014 %T The Relationship between Rumination and Affective, Cognitive, and Physiological Responses to Stress in Adolescents %A Aldao, Amelia %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Emotion regulation %K physiological reactivity %K RECOVERY %K Rumination %K STRESS %K Stressful life events %X Although previous studies have established that rumination influences responses to stressful life events, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain inadequately understood. The current study examines the relationship between trait rumination and affective, cognitive, and physiological responses to a standardized laboratory-based stressor in adolescents. A community-based sample of adolescents (N = 157) aged 13-17 completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Affective, cognitive, and physiological responses were obtained before, during, and after the TSST. Adolescents who engaged in habitual rumination experienced greater negative affect and more negative cognitive appraisals in response to the TSST than adolescents with lower levels of rumination. Rumination was unrelated to heart rate reactivity, but predicted slower heart rate recovery from the TSST, indicating that rumination might be specifically associated with physiological recovery from stress. Rumination is associated with negative affective, cognitive, and physiological responses following stressors, suggesting potential mechanisms through which it might increase risk for psychopathology. %B Journal of Experimental Psychopathology %V 5 %P 272–288 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.5127/jep.039113 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2014 %T Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor underlying transitions between internalizing symptoms and aggressive behavior in early adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Aldao, Amelia %A Wisco, Blair E. %A Hilt, Lori M. %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Aggression %K Anxiety %K Attention %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Thinking %X The high degree of comorbidity among mental disorders has generated interest in identifying transdiagnostic processes associated with multiple types of psychopathology. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema conceptualized rumination as one such transdiagnostic process associated with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, binge eating, and self-injurious behavior. The degree to which rumination accounts for the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, however, has never been tested. We used a sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months to examine (a) the reciprocal prospective associations between rumination and aggressive behavior in adolescents, (b) whether rumination explained the longitudinal associations of aggressive behavior with depression and anxiety symptoms, and (c) gender differences in these associations. Rumination predicted increases over time in aggressive behavior, and aggression was associated with increases in rumination over time only for boys. Rumination fully mediated the longitudinal association of aggression with subsequent anxiety symptoms and of both depression and anxiety symptoms with subsequent aggression in boys but not girls. Rumination did not explain the association between aggression and subsequent depressive symptoms for either boys or girls. These findings provide novel evidence for the role of rumination as a transdiagnostic factor underlying transitions between internalizing and externalizing symptoms among males during early adolescence. Interventions aimed at reducing rumination may have beneficial influences on multiple forms of psychopathology and on the development of comorbidity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 123 %P 13–23 %8 feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1037/a0035358 %0 Journal Article %J Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine %D 2014 %T Sexual orientation and gender differences in markers of inflammation and immune functioning %A Everett, Bethany G. %A Rosario, Margaret %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Austin, S. Bryn %K Adult %K C-Reactive Protein %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Herpesvirus 4 %K Human %K Humans %K Immune System %K Inflammation %K Male %K National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Sex Characteristics %K Sexuality %K STRESS %X BACKGROUND: Sexual minorities have documented elevated risk factors that can lead to inflammation and poor immune functioning. PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate disparities in C-reactive protein (CRP) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by gender and sexual orientation. METHODS: We used the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine disparities in CRP (N = 11,462) and EBV (N = 11,812). RESULTS: Among heterosexuals, women had higher levels of CRP and EBV than men. However, sexual minority men had higher levels of CRP and EBV than heterosexual men and sexual minority women. Lesbians had lower levels of CRP than heterosexual women. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in CRP and EBV found between men and women who identify as 100 % heterosexual were reversed among sexual minorities and not explained by known risk factors (e.g., victimization, alcohol and tobacco use, and body mass index). More nuanced approaches to addressing gender differences in sexual orientation health disparities that include measures of gender nonconformity and minority stress are needed. %B Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine %V 47 %P 57–70 %8 feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s12160-013-9567-6 %0 Journal Article %J Health Psychology %D 2014 %T Stressful life events, sexual orientation, and cardiometabolic risk among young adults in the United States %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A McLaughlin, Kate A. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Biomarkers %K Bisexuality %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Linear Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Metabolic Diseases %K Psychological %K Risk Assessment %K Sexual Behavior %K STRESS %K United States %K Young Adult %X {OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to examine whether sexual minority young adults are more vulnerable to developing cardiometabolic risk following exposure to stressful life events than heterosexual young adults. METHOD: Data came from the National Longitudinal Study for Adolescent Health (Shin, Edwards, & Heeren, 2009; Brummett et al., 2013), a prospective nationally representative study of U.S. adolescents followed into young adulthood. A total of 306 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents and 6,667 heterosexual respondents met inclusion criteria for this analysis. Measures of cumulative stressful life events were drawn from all 4 waves of data collection; sexual orientation and cardiometabolic biomarkers were assessed at Wave 4 (2008-2009). RESULTS: Gay/bisexual men exposed to 1-2 ($\beta$ = 0.71 %B Health Psychology %V 33 %P 1185–1194 %8 oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1037/hea0000126 %0 Journal Article %J Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine %D 2014 %T Structural stigma and HPA axis reactivity in LGB young adults. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Bisexuality %K Female %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System %K Male %K Pituitary-Adrenal System %K Prejudice %K Psychological %K Social Environment %K Social Stigma %K STRESS %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Youth exposed to extreme adverse life conditions have blunted cortisol responses to stress. PURPOSE: This study aims to examine whether growing up in highly stigmatizing environments similarly shapes stigmatized individuals' physiological responses to identity-related stress. METHODS: We recruited 74 lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults (mean age = 23.68) from 24 states with varying levels of structural stigma surrounding homosexuality. State-level structural stigma was coded based on several dimensions, including policies that exclude sexual minorities from social institutions (e.g., same-sex marriage). Participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and neuroendocrine measures were collected. RESULTS: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who were raised in highly stigmatizing environments as adolescents evidenced a blunted cortisol response following the TSST compared to those from low-stigma environments. CONCLUSIONS: The stress of growing up in environments that target gays and lesbians for social exclusion may exert biological effects that are similar to traumatic life experiences. %B Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine %V 47 %P 39–47 %8 feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s12160-013-9556-9 %0 Journal Article %J Developmental Psychobiology %D 2014 %T Vagal regulation and internalizing psychopathology among adolescents exposed to childhood adversity %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Alves, Sonia %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %K Adolescent %K adverse childhood experiences %K Cardiography %K Child abuse %K child behavior disorders %K childhood adversity %K Female %K Heart Rate %K Humans %K Impedance %K internalizing psychopathology %K Male %K Parasympathetic Nervous System %K Psychological %K Respiratory Rate %K Respiratory sinus arrhythmia %K RSA %K STRESS %K trauma %K vagal reactivity %K vagal tone %K Vagus Nerve %X Childhood adversity (CA) is strongly associated with youth psychopathology. Identifying factors that reduce vulnerability following CA is critical for developing preventive interventions. Vagal tone and vagal reactivity following psychosocial stressors might influence psychopathology among youths exposed to CA. We acquired heart period and impedance cardiography data to calculate respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and preejection period (PEP) from 157 adolescents aged 13-17 years at rest and during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and multiple forms of CA were assessed. Resting RSA and RSA reactivity interacted with CA in predicting internalizing but not externalizing psychopathology; CA was unassociated with internalizing problems in adolescents with high resting RSA and RSA reactivity. No interactions were observed with PEP. High resting RSA predicted greater vagal rebound and accelerated heart rate recovery following the TSST, highlighting one potential mechanism underlying low internalizing symptoms following CA among youths with high vagal tone. %B Developmental Psychobiology %V 56 %P 1036–1051 %8 jul %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1002/dev.21187 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2014 %T Widespread reductions in cortical thickness following severe early-life deprivation: a neurodevelopmental pathway to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Winter, Warren %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) %K Brain development %K Brain Mapping %K Case-Control Studies %K Cerebral Cortex %K Child %K childhood adversity %K Cohort Studies %K Computer-Assisted %K cortical development %K DEPRIVATION %K Female %K Humans %K Image Processing %K Infant %K institutionalization %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Preschool %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X BACKGROUND: Children exposed to early-life psychosocial deprivation associated with institutional rearing are at markedly elevated risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurodevelopmental mechanisms that explain the high prevalence of ADHD in children exposed to institutionalization are unknown. We examined whether abnormalities in cortical thickness and subcortical volume were mechanisms explaining elevations in ADHD among children raised in institutional settings. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a cohort of children raised from early infancy in institutions in Romania (n = 58) and age-matched community control subjects (n = 22). Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired when children were aged 8 to 10 years, and ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Health and Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS: Children reared in institutions exhibited widespread reductions in cortical thickness across prefrontal, parietal, and temporal regions relative to community control subjects. No group differences were found in the volume of subcortical structures. Reduced thickness across numerous cortical areas was associated with higher levels of ADHD symptoms. Cortical thickness in lateral orbitofrontal cortex, insula, inferior parietal cortex, precuneus, superior temporal cortex, and lingual gyrus mediated the association of institutionalization with inattention and impulsivity; additionally, supramarginal gyrus thickness mediated the association with inattention and fusiform gyrus thickness mediated the association with impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Severe early-life deprivation disrupts cortical development resulting in reduced thickness in regions with atypical function during attention tasks in children with ADHD, including the inferior parietal cortex, precuneus, and superior temporal cortex. These reductions in thickness are a neurodevelopmental mechanism explaining elevated ADHD symptoms in children exposed to institutional rearing. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 76 %P 629–638 %8 oct %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.016 %0 Book Section %B A Life Course Approach to Mental Disorders %D 2013 %T Adverse Childhood Experiences and Brain Development: Neurobiological Mechanisms linking the Social Environment to Psychiatric Disorders %A Mclaughlin, Katie %A Sheridan, Margaret %A Chuck Nelson %E Karestan Koenen %E Sasha Rudenstine %E Ezra Susser %E Galea, Sandro %B A Life Course Approach to Mental Disorders %I Oxford University Press %P 249-258 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Mood Disorders: A Handbook of Science and Practice %D 2013 %T The developmental psychopathology of major depression %A Mclaughlin, Katie %E Mich Power %B Mood Disorders: A Handbook of Science and Practice %7 2 %I Wiley-Blackwell %P 107-141 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Evidence-based mental health %D 2013 %T Exposure to intimate partner violence and parental depression increases risk of ADHD in preschool children %A Slopen, Natalie %A Mclaughlin, Katie %X QUESTION Question: Does exposure to parental depression or intimate partner violence (IPV) during the first 3 years of life have an effect on a child's subsequent mental health?, People: A total of 2422 children (52% boys, Hispanic/ Latino 45.5%, Black 40.6%, White 10.5%) visiting health centres served by the Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) paediatric primary care system, from birth to age 3 years, and again when aged between 37 and 72 months., Setting: Four community health centres, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; November 2004–June 2012., Risk factors: Exposure to IPV and parental depression within the first 3 years of life. This information was collected using screening questions presented in a prescreener form which parents completed in the clinic waiting rooms. To screen for depression, The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) was used until 2010, and then replaced by the anxiety subscale of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-3). IPV was screened using the questions ‘Has your partner kicked, hit or slapped you?’ and ‘Do you feel safe in your home?’, Outcomes: Child mental health diagnosis or psychotropic drug treatment received between the ages of 3 and 3. Diagnoses were identified using International Classification of Diseases-9 codes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behaviour disorder, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance or adjustment disorder. Prescription information was taken from the Indiana Network for Patient Care and Regenstriel Medical Record Systems databases. METHODS Design: Prospective cohort study., Follow-up period: Three years. MAIN RESULTS Within the first 3 years of the child's life, 1591 (65.7%) of parents reported neither IPV nor depression, 704 (29.1%) reported depression only, 69 (2.8%) reported IPV only and 58 (2.4%) reported IPV as well as depression. Between ages 3 and 6 years, 48 (2%) of children had received psychotropic medication, 80 children (3.3%) were diagnosed with ADHD, 209 (8.7%) with disruptive behaviour disorder, 9 (0.4%) with depression, 17 (0.7%) with anxiety, 7 (0.3%) with sleep disturbance and 41 (1.7%) with adjustment disorder. Prevalence of ADHD was higher in children exposed to parental depression compared with those not exposed (4.5% vs 2.8%, p<=0.03). Psychotropic drug prescriptions were higher in children exposed to parental depression compared with those who were not exposed (2.9% vs 1.6%, p<=0.03). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that increased exposure to IPV as well as depression was associated with increased risk of ADHD diagnosis compared with non-exposure (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 10.9; see table). Exposure to parental depression was also associated with increased risk of child psychotropic medication prescription (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4). There were no significant associations with exposure to IPV only or with both exposures for any other mental health condition. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to parental IPV and parental depression within the first 3 years of life is associated with increased risk of ADHD diagnosis prior to 6 years. Early exposure to parental depression is associated with increased risk of psychotropic medication prescription. %B Evidence-based mental health %V 16 %P 102 %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081449/ %N 4 %R 10.1136/eb-2013-101411 %0 Journal Article %J Brain, Behavior, and Immunity %D 2013 %T Childhood adversity and cell-mediated immunity in young adulthood: does type and timing matter? %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Age Factors %K Antibodies %K Cellular %K Child %K Child abuse %K Educational Status %K Female %K Herpesvirus 4 %K Human %K Humans %K Immunity %K Male %K Preschool %K Sexual %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Viral %K Young Adult %X Childhood adversity can have powerful effects on health over the life course. Persistent changes in cell-mediated immune function may be one pathway linking adverse childhood experiences with later disease risk. However, limited research has examined childhood adversity in relation to cell-mediated immune function, and in particular, immune response to latent viruses in adulthood. The present study investigated the association of two types of childhood adversity, socioeconomic disadvantage during adolescence and abuse prior to age 18, with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antibody titers in a large nationally representative sample of young adults aged 24-32years. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health, Wave 4 (n=13,162). We examined the associations of three indicators of adolescent SES (parental education, household income, and occupational status) and frequency and timing of physical and sexual abuse with EBV antibodies, controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and presence of a smoker in the household during adolescence. Lower parental occupational status and some categories of lower education were associated with elevated EBV antibodies (p\textless.05), and individuals who reported sexual abuse that occurred more than 10times had elevated EBV antibodies relative to individuals who were not sexually abused (p=0.03). Among individuals exposed to physical abuse, those who were first abused at age 3-5years had heightened EBV antibodies relative to those first abused during adolescence (p=0.004). This study extends prior research linking early adversity and immune function, and provides initial evidence that childhood adversity has a persistent influence on immune responses to latent infection in adulthood. %B Brain, Behavior, and Immunity %V 28 %P 63–71 %8 feb %G eng %R 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.018 %0 Journal Article %J Psychoneuroendocrinology %D 2013 %T Childhood adversity and inflammatory processes in youth: a prospective study %A Slopen, Natalie %A Kubzansky, Laura D. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Body Mass Index %K C-Reactive Protein %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Inflammation Mediators %K Interleukin-6 %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Prospective Studies %X BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies show that childhood adversity is associated with systemic inflammation in adulthood. Few prospective studies have examined whether childhood adversity influences inflammation in an observable manner during childhood or adolescence and if these effects are sustained over time. METHODS: Using longitudinal data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we examined associations between acute adverse events at seven time points prior to age 8 and inflammation at ages 10 and 15. Inflammatory markers at age 10 included interleukin-6 (IL-6; N=4655) and C-reactive protein (CRP; N=4647), and CRP was measured again at age 15 (N=3286). We further evaluated whether body mass index (BMI), depression, or cigarette smoking mediated associations between adverse events and inflammation. RESULTS: Adverse events in middle childhood (occurring between ages 6 to 8), as well as cumulative adversity from birth to 8 years, were associated with higher levels of IL-6 and CRP at age 10. Adverse events reported in early childhood (1.5years) or middle childhood, and cumulative adversity from birth through 8years predicted increased levels of CRP at age 15, and these associations persisted after adjustment for CRP at age 10. Some, but not all, of these associations were mediated by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents that exposure to adverse events prior to age 8 is associated with elevated inflammation at age 10 and in mid-adolescence. These findings provide prospective evidence for a biological mechanism by which early experiences may shape long-term health. Future studies with earlier assessments of inflammation are necessary in order to elucidate potential sensitive periods and mechanisms that link childhood adversity to later disease vulnerability. %B Psychoneuroendocrinology %V 38 %P 188–200 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.013 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2013 %T Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from the world mental health surveys %A Stein, Dan J. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Friedman, Matthew J. %A Hill, Eric %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Ruscio, Ayelet Meron %A Shahly, Victoria %A Spiegel, David %A Borges, Guilherme %A Bunting, Brendan %A Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose Miguel %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Florescu, Silvia %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Karam, Elie G. %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Lee, Sing %A Matschinger, Herbert %A Mladenova, Maya %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Tachimori, Hisateru %A Viana, Maria Carmen %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Comorbidity %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Dissociative Disorders %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Interview %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Health %K Post-Traumatic %K Prevalence %K Psychological %K Stress Disorders %K Suicide %X BACKGROUND: Although the proposal for a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-5 is supported by considerable clinical and neurobiological evidence, this evidence comes mostly from referred samples in Western countries. Cross-national population epidemiologic surveys were analyzed to evaluate generalizability of the subtype in more diverse samples. METHODS: Interviews were administered to 25,018 respondents in 16 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month DSM-IV PTSD and other common DSM-IV disorders. Items from a checklist of past-month nonspecific psychological distress were used to assess dissociative symptoms of depersonalization and derealization. Differences between PTSD with and without these dissociative symptoms were examined across a variety of domains, including index trauma characteristics, prior trauma history, childhood adversity, sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment seeking. RESULTS: Dissociative symptoms were present in 14.4% of respondents with 12-month DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview PTSD and did not differ between high and low/middle income countries. Symptoms of dissociation in PTSD were associated with high counts of re-experiencing symptoms and net of these symptom counts with male sex, childhood onset of PTSD, high exposure to prior (to the onset of PTSD) traumatic events and childhood adversities, prior histories of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia, severe role impairment, and suicidality. CONCLUSION: These results provide community epidemiologic data documenting the value of the dissociative subtype in distinguishing a meaningful proportion of severe and impairing cases of PTSD that have distinct correlates across a diverse set of countries. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 73 %P 302–312 %8 feb %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2013 %T Adcyap1r1 genotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression among women exposed to childhood maltreatment %A Uddin, Monica %A Chang, Shun-Chiao %A Zhang, Chao %A Ressler, Kerry %A Mercer, Kristina B. %A Galea, Sandro %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Wildman, Derek E. %A Aiello, Allison E. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Child %K Child abuse %K Depression %K Female %K Gene-Environment Interaction %K Genetic Predisposition to Disease %K Genotype %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide %K Post-Traumatic %K Receptors %K Risk Factors %K Stress Disorders %K Type I %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: A growing literature indicates that genetic variation, in combination with adverse early life experiences, shapes risk for later mental illness. Recent work also suggests that molecular variation at the ADCYAP1R1 locus is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women. We sought to test whether childhood maltreatment (CM) interacts with ADCYAP1R1 genotype to predict PTSD in women. METHODS: Data were obtained from 495 adult female participants from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Genotyping of rs2267735, an ADCYAP1R1 variant, was conducted via TaqMan assay. PTSD, depression, and CM exposure were assessed via structured interviews. Main and interacting effects of ADCYAP1R1 and CM levels on past month PTSD and posttraumatic stress (PTS) severity were examined using logistic regression and a general linear model, respectively. As a secondary analysis, we also assessed main and interacting effects of ADCYAP1R1 and CM variation on risk of past-month depression diagnosis and symptom severity. RESULTS: No significant main effects were observed for ADCYAP1R1 genotype on either PTSD/PTS severity. In contrast, a significant ADCYAP1R1 × CM interaction was observed for both past month PTSD and PTS severity, with carriers of the "C" allele showing enhanced risk for these outcomes among women exposed to CM. No significant main or interaction effects were observed for past month depression/depression severity. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variation at the ADCYAP1R1 locus interacts with CM to shape risk of later PTSD, but not depression, among women. The molecular mechanisms contributing to this interaction require further investigation. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 30 %P 251–258 %8 mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1002/da.22037 %0 Journal Article %J Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders %D 2013 %T Considering trauma exposure in the context of genetics studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review %A Digangi, Julia %A Guffanti, Guia %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %X BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder. Surveys of the general population suggest that while 50-85% of Americans will experience a traumatic event in their lifetime, only 2-50% will develop PTSD. Why some individuals develop PTSD following trauma exposure while others remain resilient is a central question in the field of trauma research. For more than half a century, the role of genetic influences on PTSD has been considered as a potential vulnerability factor. However, despite the exponential growth of molecular genetic studies over the past decade, limited progress has been made in identifying true genetic variants for PTSD. METHODS: In an attempt to aid future genome wide association studies (GWAS), this paper presents a systematic review of 28 genetic association studies of PTSD. Inclusion criteria required that 1) all participants were exposed to Criterion A traumatic events, 2) polymorphisms of relevant genes were genotyped and assessed in relation to participants' PTSD status, 3) quantitative methods were used, and 4) articles were published in English and in peer-reviewed journals. In the examination of these 28 studies, particular attention was given to variables related to trauma exposure (e.g. number of traumas, type of trauma). RESULTS: Results indicated that most articles did not report on the GxE interaction in the context of PTSD or present data on the main effects of E despite having data available. Furthermore, some studies that did consider the GxE interaction had significant findings, underscoring the importance of examining how genotypes can modify the effect of trauma on PTSD. Additionally, results indicated that only a small number of genes continue to be studied and that there were marked differences in methodologies across studies, which subsequently limited robust conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: As trauma exposure is a necessary condition for the PTSD diagnosis, this paper identifies gaps in the current literature as well as provides recommendations for how future GWAS studies can most effectively incorporate trauma exposure data in both the design and analysis phases of studies. %B Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders %V 3 %P 2 %8 jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1186/2045-5380-3-2 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2013 %T Developmental timing of child maltreatment and symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health %A Dunn, Erin C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Slopen, Natalie %A Rosand, Jonathan %A Jordan W. Smoller %K Adolescent %K Child %K Child abuse %K Child Development %K child maltreatment %K Depression %K developmental timing %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Infant %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health %K Preschool %K Psychology %K Risk %K sensitive period %K Sex Factors %K Suicidal ideation %K United States %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment is a potent risk factor for psychopathology. Although the developmental timing of first exposure to maltreatment is considered important in shaping risk of future psychopathology, no consensus exists on whether earlier or later exposures are more deleterious. This study examines whether age at first exposure to abuse is associated with subsequent depression and suicidal ideation. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 15,701). Timing of first maltreatment exposure was classified using: (1) a crude measure capturing early childhood (ages 0-5), middle childhood (ages 6-10), or adolescence (ages 11-17); and (2) a refined measure capturing infancy (ages 0-2), preschool (ages 3-5), latency (ages 6-8), prepubertal (ages 9-10), pubertal (ages 11-13), or adolescence (ages 14-17). We examined whether timing of first exposure was associated with depression and suicidal ideation in early adulthood in the entire sample and among those exposed to maltreatment. RESULTS: Respondents exposed to abuse, particularly physical abuse, at any age had a higher odds of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood than non-maltreated respondents. Among maltreated respondents, exposure during early childhood (ages 0-5), particularly preschool (ages 3-5), was most strongly associated with depression. Respondents first exposed to physical abuse during preschool had a 77% increase in the odds of depression and those first exposed to sexual abuse during early childhood had a 146% increase in the odds of suicidal ideation compared to respondents maltreated as adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental timing of first exposure to maltreatment influences risk for depression and suicidal ideation. Whether these findings are evidence for biologically based sensitive periods requires further study. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 30 %P 451-460 %8 oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1002/da.22102 %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Therapy and Research %D 2013 %T Differentiating Worry and Rumination: Evidence from Heart Rate Variability During Spontaneous Regulation %A Aldao, Amelia %A Mennin, Douglas S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Emotion regulation strategies %K Heart rate variability %K Rumination %K Spontaneous regulation %K Worry %X Worry is the defining feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and rumination is a central process in depression. GAD and depression are highly comorbid, and worry and rumination reflect similar perseverative cognitive processes. Prior studies have largely assessed these emotion regulation strategies at the trait level, which has resulted in a limited understanding of their phasic characteristics, including associated physiological processes. We addressed this limitation by examining the relationship between spontaneous state-level worry and rumination and heart rate variability (HRV)-a physiological measure of emotion regulation-in response to emotion-eliciting film clips. We found differential associations between worry and rumination in relation to HRV, such that, worry was more consistently associated with HRV across emotional contexts than rumination was. Findings highlight functional distinctions between worry and rumination that have implications for understanding their associations with mood and anxiety disorders and, more broadly, for theories of emotion regulation and psychopathology. %B Cognitive Therapy and Research %V 37 %P 613–619 %8 jun %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Psychology of Violence %D 2013 %T Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Its Associations With Psychiatric Morbidity in a U.S. National Sample: A Gender Comparison %A Iverson, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Gerber, Megan R. %A Dick, Alexandra %A Smith, Brian N. %A Bell, Margret E. %A Cook, Natasha %A Mitchell, Karen S. %K Child abuse %K Crime Victims %K gender %K intimate partner violence %K moderation %K parental violence %K Prevalence %K Rape %X OBJECTIVES: We examine gender differences in population rates of various types of interpersonal violence in a U.S. national sample and investigate gender as a moderator of the associations between interpersonal violence and lifetime mental disorders and suicide attempts. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication study; 5,692 women and men completed interviews assessing lifetime exposure to nine types of interpersonal violence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) mental health diagnoses, and suicide attempts. RESULTS: Approximately 46% of women and 42% of men reported one or more types of interpersonal violence. Women were more likely to experience kidnapping, physical assault by an intimate partner, rape, sexual assault, and stalking, whereas men were more likely to experience mugging or physical assault by someone other than parents or an intimate partner. Interpersonal violence was associated with risk for many mental disorders and attempted suicide. Although women were at higher risk for several forms of interpersonal violence, the impact of interpersonal violence on mental health outcomes did not vary by gender. CONCLUSIONS: It is clearly important to identify and provide mental health treatment to women after interpersonal violence exposure. Findings also underscore the need for prevention and intervention efforts for women and men, including routine screening for interpersonal violence by health care providers and appropriate treatment to address mental health conditions. %B Psychology of Violence %V 3 %P 273–287 %8 jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0030956 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2013 %T Irritable mood in adult major depressive disorder: results from the world mental health surveys %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Alonso, Jordi %A Angermeyer, Matthias %A Bromet, Evelyn %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Jonge, Peter %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Florescu, Silvia E. %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Gureje, Oye %A Hu, Chiyi %A Huang, Yueqin %A Karam, Elie G. %A Jin, Robert %A Lépine, Jean-Pierre %A Levinson, Daphna %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Medina-Mora, María E. %A O'Neill, Siobhan %A Ono, Yutaka %A Posada-Villa, José A. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Scott, Kate M. %A Shahly, Victoria %A Stein, Dan J. %A Viana, Maria C. %A Zarkov, Zahari %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adult %K Aged %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Interview %K Irritable Mood %K Major %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Psychological %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although irritability is a core symptom of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) for youth but not adults, clinical studies find comparable rates of irritability between nonbipolar depressed adults and youth. Including irritability as a core symptom of adult MDD would allow detection of depression-equivalent syndromes with primary irritability hypothesized to be more common among males than females. We carried out a preliminary examination of this issue using cross-national community-based survey data from 21 countries in the World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys (n = 110,729). METHODS: The assessment of MDD in the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview includes one question about persistent irritability. We examined two expansions of the definition of MDD involving this question: (1) cases with dysphoria and/or anhedonia and exactly four of nine Criterion A symptoms plus irritability; and (2) cases with two or more weeks of irritability plus four or more other Criterion A MDD symptoms in the absence of dysphoria or anhedonia. RESULTS: Adding irritability as a tenth Criterion A symptom increased lifetime prevalence by 0.4% (from 11.2 to 11.6%). Adding episodes of persistent irritability increased prevalence by an additional 0.2%. Proportional prevalence increases were significantly higher, but nonetheless small, among males compared to females. Rates of severe role impairment were significantly lower among respondents with this irritable depression who did not meet conventional DSM-IV criteria than those with DSM-IV MDD. CONCLUSION: Although limited by the superficial assessment in this single question on irritability, results do not support expanding adult MDD criteria to include irritable mood. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 30 %P 395–406 %8 apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1002/da.22033 %0 Journal Article %J Brain, Behavior, and Immunity %D 2013 %T Letter to the Editor: Childhood adversity and cell-mediated immunity in young adulthood %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Cellular %K Female %K Humans %K Immunity %K Male %B Brain, Behavior, and Immunity %V 34 %P 177–179 %8 nov %G eng %R 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.002 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2013 %T Potentially traumatic events and the risk of six physical health conditions in a population-based sample %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Demmer, Ryan T. %A Cerdá, Magdalena %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Uddin, Monica %A Galea, Sandro %K Accidents %K Adult %K African Americans %K Arthritis %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Cohort Studies %K Crime %K Diabetes Mellitus %K Female %K Humans %K Kaplan-Meier Estimate %K Longitudinal Studies %K Lung Diseases %K Male %K Michigan %K Middle Aged %K Proportional Hazards Models %K Psychological %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Sex Offenses %K STRESS %K Urban Population %K Violence %X BACKGROUND: Potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are common in the population, yet, the impact of total burden and specific types of PTEs on physical health has not been systematically investigated. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study, a community sample of predominately African Americans living in Detroit, Michigan, interviewed in 2008-2009 (N = 1,547) and in 2009-2010 (N = 1,054). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: Respondents with the highest levels of PTE exposure (8+ events) had an average age of adverse physical health condition diagnosis that was 15 years earlier than respondents with no exposure. There was a monotonic relation between number of PTEs and arthritis risk. Compared to those who reported no lifetime events, respondents with 1-2, 3-4, 5-7, and 8+ traumatic events had 1.06, 1.12, 1.73, and 2.44 times the hazard of arthritis. Assaultive violence (HR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.3) and other threats to physical integrity (HR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1) were particularly strong risk factors for arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide novel evidence linking PTEs, particularly those involving violence and threat to life, to elevated risk for arthritic conditions. Efforts to prevent or mitigate traumatic event exposures may have a broad range of benefits for health. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 30 %P 451–460 %8 may %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1002/da.22090 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2013 %T Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement %A Matthew K. Nock %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Hwang, Irving %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K African Americans %K Age of Onset %K Attempted %K Educational Status %K Ethnic Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Prevalence %K Sex Factors %K Suicidal ideation %K Suicide %K United States %X

CONTEXT: Although suicide is the third leading cause of death among US adolescents, little is known about the prevalence, correlates, or treatment of its immediate precursors, adolescent suicidal behaviors (ie, suicide ideation, plans, and attempts).

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the lifetime prevalence of suicidal behaviors among US adolescents and the associations of retrospectively reported, temporally primary DSM-IV disorders with the subsequent onset of suicidal behaviors.

DESIGN: Dual-frame national sample of adolescents from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement.

SETTING: Face-to-face household interviews with adolescents and questionnaires for parents.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6483 adolescents 13 to 18 years of age and their parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime suicide ideation, plans, and attempts. RESULTS: The estimated lifetime prevalences of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts among the respondents are 12.1%, 4.0%, and 4.1%, respectively. The vast majority of adolescents with these behaviors meet lifetime criteria for at least one DSM-IV mental disorder assessed in the survey. Most temporally primary (based on retrospective age-of-onset reports) fear/anger, distress, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders significantly predict elevated odds of subsequent suicidal behaviors in bivariate models. The most consistently significant associations of these disorders are with suicide ideation, although a number of disorders are also predictors of plans and both planned and unplanned attempts among ideators. Most suicidal adolescents (\textgreater80%) receive some form of mental health treatment. In most cases (\textgreater55%), treatment starts prior to onset of suicidal behaviors but fails to prevent these behaviors from occurring. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behaviors are common among US adolescents, with rates that approach those of adults. The vast majority of youth with suicidal behaviors have preexisting mental disorders. The disorders most powerfully predicting ideation, though, are different from those most powerfully predicting conditional transitions from ideation to plans and attempts. These differences suggest that distinct prediction and prevention strategies are needed for ideation, plans among ideators, planned attempts, and unplanned attempts.

%B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 70 %P 300–310 %8 mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2013 %T Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults %A Michl, Louisa C. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Shepherd, Kathrine %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Analysis of Variance %K Anxiety %K Child %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Psychological %K Psychology %K STRESS %K Thinking %K Young Adult %X Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset of major depression and anxiety symptomatology in both adolescents and adults. Despite the robust associations between rumination and internalizing psychopathology, there is a dearth of research examining factors that might lead to a ruminative response style. In the current study, we examined whether social environmental experiences were associated with rumination. Specifically, we evaluated whether self-reported exposure to stressful life events predicted subsequent increases in rumination. We also investigated whether rumination served as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal association between self-reported stressful life events and internalizing symptoms. Self-reported stressful life events, rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 separate longitudinal samples. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months. A sample of adults (N = 1,132) was assessed at 2 time points spanning 12 months. In both samples, self-reported exposure to stressful life events was associated longitudinally with increased engagement in rumination. In addition, rumination mediated the longitudinal relationship between self-reported stressors and symptoms of anxiety in both samples and the relationship between self-reported life events and symptoms of depression in the adult sample. Identifying the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that explain a greater propensity for rumination following stressors remains an important goal for future research. This study provides novel evidence for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety. %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 122 %P 339–352 %8 may %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1037/a0031994 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2013 %T School mental health resources and adolescent mental health service use %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Alegría, Margarita %A Costello, E. Jane %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Hoagwood, Kimberly %A Leaf, Philip J. %A Olin, Serene %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Health Services %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mental Health Services %K School Health Services %X OBJECTIVE: Although schools are identified as critical for detecting youth mental disorders, little is known about whether the number of mental health providers and types of resources that they offer influence student mental health service use. Such information could inform the development and allocation of appropriate school-based resources to increase service use. This article examines associations of school resources with past-year mental health service use among students with 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders. METHOD: Data come from the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescent mental health that included 4,445 adolescent-parent pairs in 227 schools in which principals and mental health coordinators completed surveys about school resources and policies for addressing student emotional problems. Adolescents and parents completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and reported mental health service use across multiple sectors. Multilevel multivariate regression was used to examine associations of school mental health resources and individual-level service use. RESULTS: Nearly half (45.3%) of adolescents with a 12-month DSM-IV disorder received past-year mental health services. Substantial variation existed in school resources. Increased school engagement in early identification was significantly associated with mental health service use for adolescents with mild/moderate mental and behavior disorders. The ratio of students to mental health providers was not associated with overall service use, but was associated with sector of service use. CONCLUSIONS: School mental health resources, particularly those related to early identification, may facilitate mental health service use and may influence sector of service use for youths with DSM disorders. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 52 %P 501–510 %8 may %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.002 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Preventive Medicine %D 2013 %T Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Slopen, Natalie %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Biomarkers %K Bisexuality %K C-Reactive Protein %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Female %K Glycated Hemoglobin A %K Health Behavior %K Health Status Disparities %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Linear Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Assessment %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence from general population studies suggests that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults are more likely to experience adverse cardiovascular outcomes relative to heterosexuals. No studies have examined whether sexual orientation disparities exist in biomarkers of early cardiovascular disease risk. PURPOSE: To determine whether sexual orientation disparities in biomarkers of early cardiovascular risk are present among young adults. METHODS: Data come from Wave IV (2008-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study for Adolescent Health (N=12,451), a prospective nationally representative study of U.S. adolescents followed into young adulthood (mean age=28.9 years). A total of 520 respondents identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Biomarkers included C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Analyses were conducted in 2012. RESULTS: In gender-stratified models adjusted for demographics (age, race/ethnicity); SES (income, education); health behaviors (smoking, regular physical activity, alcohol consumption); and BMI, gay and bisexual men had significant elevations in C-reactive protein, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate, compared to heterosexual men. Despite having more risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and higher BMI, lesbians and bisexual women had lower levels of C-reactive protein than heterosexual women in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence was found for sexual orientation disparities in biomarkers of cardiovascular risk among young adults, particularly in gay and bisexual men. These findings, if confirmed in other studies, suggest that disruptions in core physiologic processes that ultimately confer risk for cardiovascular disease may occur early in the life course for sexual-minority men. %B American Journal of Preventive Medicine %V 44 %P 612–621 %8 jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.027 %0 Journal Article %J Psychiatry %D 2013 %T Suicide among soldiers: a review of psychosocial risk and protective factors %A Matthew K. Nock %A Deming, Charlene A. %A Fullerton, Carol S. %A Gilman, Stephen E. %A Goldenberg, Matthew %A Ronald C. Kessler %A McCarroll, James E. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Peterson, Christopher %A Schoenbaum, Michael %A Stanley, Barbara %A Robert J. Ursano %K Adaptation %K Cognitive Therapy %K Demography %K Disease Susceptibility %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Mental Disorders %K Military Personnel %K Models %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Self-Injurious Behavior %K Social Support %K STRESS %K Suicide %K United States %K Wounds and Injuries %X Suicide is difficult to predict and prevent and remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Although soldiers historically have had a suicide rate well below that of the general population, the suicide rate among members of the U.S. Army has increased markedly over the past several years and now exceeds that of the general population. This paper reviews psychosocial factors known to be associated with the increased risk of suicidal behavior in general and describes how some of these factors may be especially important in understanding suicide among soldiers. Moving forward, the prevention of suicide requires additional research aimed at: (a) better describing when, where, and among whom suicidal behavior occurs, (b) using exploratory studies to discover new risk and protective factors, (c) developing new methods of predicting suicidal behavior that synthesize information about modifiable risk and protective factors from multiple domains, and (d) understanding the mechanisms and pathways through which suicidal behavior develops. Although the scope and severity of this problem is daunting, the increasing attention and dedication to this issue by the Armed Forces, scientists, and society provide hope for our ability to better predict and prevent these tragic outcomes in the future. %B Psychiatry %V 76 %P 97–125 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.97 %0 Journal Article %J BMC psychiatry %D 2013 %T Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: analysis from the South African Stress and Health Study %A Atwoli, Lukoye %A Stein, Dan J. %A Williams, David R. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K 80 and over %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Post-Traumatic %K Prevalence %K Psychological %K South Africa %K STRESS %K Stress Disorders %K Violence %K Warfare %X BACKGROUND: South Africa's unique history, characterised by apartheid, a form of constitutional racial segregation and exploitation, and a long period of political violence and state-sponsored oppression ending only in 1994, suggests a high level of trauma exposure in the general population. The aim of this study was to document the epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the South African general population. METHODS: The South African Stress and Health Study is a nationally representative survey of South African adults using the WHO's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess exposure to trauma and presence of DSM-IV mental disorders. RESULTS: The most common traumatic events were the unexpected death of a loved one and witnessing trauma occurring to others. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of PTSD were 2.3% and 0.7% respectively, while the conditional prevalence of PTSD after trauma exposure was 3.5%. PTSD conditional risk after trauma exposure and probability of chronicity after PTSD onset were both highest for witnessing trauma. Socio-demographic factors such as sex, age and education were largely unrelated to PTSD risk. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of trauma and PTSD in South Africa is not distributed according to the socio-demographic factors or trauma types observed in other countries. The dominant role of witnessing in contributing to PTSD may reflect the public settings of trauma exposure in South Africa and highlight the importance of political and social context in shaping the epidemiology of PTSD. %B BMC psychiatry %V 13 %P 182 %8 jul %G eng %R 10.1186/1471-244X-13-182 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2013 %T Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Hill, Eric D. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K child behavior disorders %K Comorbidity %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Phobic Disorders %K Post-Traumatic %K posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) %K Secondary Prevention %K Sex Factors %K Stress Disorders %K trauma %K Traumatic %K United States %K Violence %X OBJECTIVE: Although exposure to potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs) is common among youths in the United States, information on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk associated with PTEs is limited. We estimate lifetime prevalence of exposure to PTEs and PTSD, PTE-specific risk of PTSD, and associations of sociodemographics and temporally prior DSM-IV disorders with PTE exposure, PTSD given exposure, and PTSD recovery among U.S. adolescents. METHOD: Data were drawn from 6,483 adolescent-parent pairs in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13 through 17 years. Lifetime exposure to interpersonal violence, accidents/injuries, network/witnessing, and other PTEs was assessed along with DSM-IV PTSD and other distress, fear, behavior, and substance disorders. RESULTS: A majority (61.8%) of adolescents experienced a lifetime PTE. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV PTSD was 4.7% and was significantly higher among females (7.3%) than among males (2.2%). Exposure to PTEs, particularly interpersonal violence, was highest among adolescents not living with both biological parents and with pre-existing behavior disorders. Conditional probability of PTSD was highest for PTEs involving interpersonal violence. Predictors of PTSD among PTE-exposed adolescents included female gender, prior PTE exposure, and pre-existing fear and distress disorders. One-third (33.0%) of adolescents with lifetime PTSD continued to meet criteria within 30 days of interview. Poverty, U.S. nativity, bipolar disorder, and PTE exposure occurring after the focal trauma predicted nonrecovery. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to prevent PTSD in PTE-exposed youths should be targeted at victims of interpersonal violence with pre-existing fear and distress disorders, whereas interventions designed to reduce PTSD chronicity should attempt to prevent secondary PTE exposure. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 52 %P 815–830 %8 aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011 %0 Book Section %B Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders %D 2012 %T The phenomenology and epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder %A Ronald Kessler %A Emil Coccaro %A Fava, Maurizio %A Mclaughlin, Katie %E Jon Grant %E Marc Potenza %X Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders. %B Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders %I Oxford University Press %P 149-164 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2012 %T Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Nandi, A. %A Keyes, K.M. %A Uddin, M. %A Aiello, A. E. %A Galea, S. %A Koenen, K. C. %X Background. A defining feature of the US economic downturn of 2008–2010 was the alarming rate of home foreclosure. Although a substantial number of US households have experienced foreclosure since 2008, the effects of foreclosure on mental health are unknown. We examined the effects of foreclosure on psychiatric symptomatology in a prospective, population-based community survey. Method. Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhoods and Health Study (DNHS), waves 1 and 2 (2008–2010). A probability sample of predominantly African-American adults in Detroit, Michigan participated (n=1547). We examined the association between home foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 and increases in symptoms of DSM-IV major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Results. The most common reasons for foreclosure were an increase in monthly payments, an increase in non-medical expenses and a reduction in family income. Exposure to foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 predicted symptoms of major depression and GAD at wave 2, controlling for symptoms at wave 1. Even after adjusting for wave 1 symptoms, sociodemographics, lifetime history of psychiatric disorder at wave 1 and exposure to other financial stressors between waves 1 and 2, foreclosure was associated with an increased rate of symptoms of major depression [incidence density ratio (IDR) 2.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.6–3.6] and GAD (IDR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.4–2.6). Conclusions. We provide the first prospective evidence linking foreclosure to the onset of mental health problems. These results, combined with the high rate of home foreclosure since 2008, suggest that the foreclosure crisis may have adverse effects on the mental health of the US population. %B Psychological Medicine %V 42 %P 1441–1448 %G eng %U http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033291711002613 %N 07 %R 10.1017/S0033291711002613 %0 Journal Article %J Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences %D 2012 %T The importance of secondary trauma exposure for post-disaster mental disorder %A Kessler, R.C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Koenen, K. C. %A Petukhova, M. %A Hill, E. D. %X Background Interventions to treat mental disorders after natural disasters are important both for humanitarian reasons and also for successful post-disaster physical reconstruction that depends on the psychological functioning of the affected population. A major difficulty in developing such interventions, however, is that large between-disaster variation exists in the prevalence of post-disaster mental disorders, making it difficult to estimate need for services in designing interventions without carrying out a post-disaster mental health needs assessment survey. One of the daunting methodological challenges in implementing such surveys is that secondary stressors unique to the disaster often need to be discovered to understand the magnitude, type, and population segments most affected by post-disaster mental disorders. Methods This problem is examined in the current commentary by analyzing data from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. We analyze the extent to which people exposed to natural disasters throughout the world also experienced secondary stressors and the extent to which the mental disorders associated with disasters were more proximally due to these secondary stressors than to the disasters themselves. Results Lifetime exposure to natural disasters was found to be high across countries (4.4–7.5%). 10.7–11.4% of those exposed to natural disasters reported the occurrence of other related stressors (e.g. death of a loved one and destruction of property). A monotonic relationship was found between the number of additional stressors and the subsequent onset of mental disorders Conclusions These results document the importance of secondary stressors in accounting for the effects of natural disasters on mental disorders. Implications for intervention planning are discussed. %B Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences %V 21 %P 35–45 %8 mar %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465701/ %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2012 %T Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) %A Kessler, R.C. %A Avenevoli, S. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Green, J. Greif %A Lakoma, M. D. %A Petukhova, M. %A Pine, D. S. %A Sampson, N. A. %A Zaslavsky, A. M. %A Merikangas, K. Ries %X Background. Research on the structure of co-morbidity among common mental disorders has largely focused on current prevalence rather than on the development of co-morbidity. This report presents preliminary results of the latter type of analysis based on the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Method. A national survey was carried out of adolescent mental disorders. DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) administered to adolescents and questionnaires selfadministered to parents. Factor analysis examined co-morbidity among 15 lifetime DSM-IV disorders. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to predict first onset of each disorder from information about prior history of the other 14 disorders. Results. Factor analysis found four factors representing fear, distress, behavior and substance disorders. Associations of temporally primary disorders with the subsequent onset of other disorders, dated using retrospective age-of-onset (AOO) reports, were almost entirely positive. Within-class associations (e.g. distress disorders predicting subsequent onset of other distress disorders) were more consistently significant (63.2 %) than between-class associations (33.0 %). Strength of associations decreased as co-morbidity among disorders increased. The percentage of lifetime disorders explained (in a predictive rather than a causal sense) by temporally prior disorders was in the range 3.7–6.9 % for earliest-onset disorders [specific phobia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and much higher (23.1–64.3 %) for later-onset disorders. Fear disorders were the strongest predictors of most other subsequent disorders. Conclusions. Adolescent mental disorders are highly co-morbid. The strong associations of temporally primary fear disorders with many other later-onset disorders suggest that fear disorders might be promising targets for early interventions. %B Psychological Medicine %V 42 %P 1997–2010 %G eng %U http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033291712000025 %N 09 %R 10.1017/S0033291712000025 %0 Journal Article %J Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica %D 2012 %T The prevalence and correlates of intermittent explosive disorder in Iraq %A Al-Hamzawi, A. %A Al-Diwan, J. K. %A Al-Hasnawi, S. M. %A Taib, N. I. %A Chatterji, S. %A Hwang, I. %A Kessler, R.C. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Age of Onset %K Aggression %K and Conduct Disorders %K Anxiety %K Comorbidity %K Disruptive %K Female %K Humans %K Impulse Control %K Iraq %K Male %K Mood Disorders %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Severity of Illness Index %K Sex Factors %K Social Class %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Violence %K Young Adult %X OBJECTIVE: Intermittent explosive disorder is common, begins early in life, and is associated with considerable impairment in the United States. The epidemiology of IED outside the United States is unknown. We examined the prevalence and correlates of IED in Iraq, where exposure to violence has been widespread during the last three decades. METHOD: Data were drawn from a national survey of the Iraq population, the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS), conducted in 2006-2007. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic interview was used to assess DSM-IV disorders, including IED. The response rate was 95.2%. RESULTS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of IED were 1.7% and 1.5%. Mean age of onset was 18.5. The mean number of lifetime attacks was 141.6 attacks, and IED-related injuries occurred 61 times per 100 lifetime cases. IED was significantly comorbid with mood and anxiety, but not substance, disorders. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of IED is lower in Iraq than in the United States, the disorder has an early age of onset, is highly persistent, and is associated with substantial comorbidity and functional impairment. Iraq lacks national policies or systematic programmes to reduce aggression, highlighting the importance of implementing violence prevention programmes to reduce the societal burden of violence in Iraq. %B Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica %V 126 %P 219–228 %8 sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01855.x %0 Journal Article %J Drug and Alcohol Dependence %D 2012 %T Child maltreatment increases sensitivity to adverse social contexts: neighborhood physical disorder and incident binge drinking in Detroit %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %A Goldmann, Emily %A Uddin, Monica %A Galea, Sandro %K 80 and over %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Child abuse %K Ethanol %K Female %K Humans %K Incidence %K Male %K Michigan %K Middle Aged %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Residence Characteristics %K Sex Factors %K Social Environment %K Urban Population %X {INTRODUCTION: Exposure to child maltreatment is associated with elevated risk for behavioral disorders in adulthood. One explanation for this life-course association is that child maltreatment increases vulnerability to the effects of subsequent stressors; however, the extent to which maltreatment increases sensitivity to social context has never been examined. We evaluated whether the association between neighborhood physical disorder and binge drinking was modified by child maltreatment exposure. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study, a prospective representative sample of predominately African Americans in the Detroit population. Neighborhood physical disorder was measured via systematic neighborhood assessment. Child maltreatment indicators included self-reported physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Incident binge drinking was defined as at least one episode of ≥5 drinks (men) or ≥4 drinks (women) in the past 30-day period among those with no binge drinking at baseline (N=1013). RESULTS: Child maltreatment and neighborhood physical disorder interacted to predict incident binge drinking (B=0.16 %B Drug and Alcohol Dependence %V 122 %P 77–85 %8 apr %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.013 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Alterations in neural processing and psychopathology in children raised in institutions %A Slopen, Natalie %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Child %K Child Development %K Cohort Studies %K Electroencephalography %K Emotions %K Evoked Potentials %K Face %K Facial Expression %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Institutionalized %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Preschool %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Recognition (Psychology) %K Romania %X CONTEXT: Young children raised in institutional settings experience severe deprivation in social, emotional, and cognitive stimulation. Although this deprivation is likely to disrupt brain development in ways that increase the risk for psychopathology, neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking adverse early environments to psychopathology remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether abnormalities in the neural processing of facial and emotional stimuli are related to the high rates of psychopathology observed among institutionally reared children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were drawn from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a cohort of children raised in institutions in Romania and an age-matched sample of community control subjects. At entry to the study (mean age, 22 months), event-related potentials were used to measure neural processing in 2 tasks: familiar and unfamiliar faces (n=114) and facial displays of emotion (n=74). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment among children aged 54 months. RESULTS: As previously reported, institutionally reared children had elevated symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior compared with control children, and peak amplitudes of the P100 and P700 in response to facial stimuli were blunted among institutionalized children compared with community children in both tasks. Current analyses reveal that children with reduced P100 and P700 amplitudes in response to facial stimuli exhibited higher levels of ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Peak amplitude of the P700 in response to facial stimuli significantly mediated the association between institutional rearing and ADHD symptoms at 54 months. CONCLUSION: Exposure to institutional rearing disrupts the P700, conferring risk for the onset of psychopathology. The high levels of ADHD symptoms among children exposed to early life deprivation may be attributable, in part, to abnormal patterns of neurodevelopment generated by these adverse rearing environments. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 69 %P 1022–1030 %8 oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.444 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K anxiety disorders %K Child %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Humans %K Infant %K institutionalization %K Institutionalized %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Object Attachment %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Romania %K Sex Distribution %X

BACKGROUND: Children reared in institutions experience elevated rates of psychiatric disorders. Inability to form a secure attachment relationship to a primary caregiver is posited to be a central mechanism in this association. We determined whether the ameliorative effect of a foster care (FC) intervention on internalizing disorders in previously institutionalized children was explained by the development of secure attachment among children placed in FC. Second we evaluated the role of lack of attachment in an institutionalized sample on the etiology of internalizing disorders within the context of a randomized trial.

METHODS: A sample of 136 children (aged 6-30 months) residing in institutions was recruited in Bucharest, Romania. Children were randomized to FC (n = 68) or to care as usual (CAU; n = 68). Foster parents were recruited, trained, and overseen by the investigative team. Attachment security at 42 months was assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure, and internalizing disorders at 54 months were assessed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment.

RESULTS: Girls in FC had fewer internalizing disorders than girls in CAU (OR = 0.17

%B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 53 %P 46–55 %8 jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Age of Onset %K anxiety disorders %K Child %K child behavior disorders %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mood Disorders %K Multivariate Analysis %K Odds Ratio %K Personality Assessment %K Risk Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X CONTEXT: Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. DESIGN: A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 69 %P 1151–1160 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277 %0 Journal Article %J British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Childhood maltreatment and DSM-IV adult mental disorders: comparison of prospective and retrospective findings %A Scott, Kate M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Smith, Don A. R. %A Ellis, Pete M. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age of Onset %K Child %K Child abuse %K Depressive Disorder %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K New Zealand %K Prospective Studies %K Retrospective Studies %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Prior research reports stronger associations between childhood maltreatment and adult psychopathology when maltreatment is assessed retrospectively compared with prospectively, casting doubt on the mental health risk conferred by maltreatment and on the validity of retrospective reports. AIMS: To investigate associations of psychopathology with prospective v. retrospective maltreatment ascertainment. METHOD: A nationally representative sample of respondents aged 16-27 years (n = 1413) in New Zealand completed a retrospective assessment of maltreatment and DSM-IV mental disorders. Survey data were linked with a national child protection database to identify respondents with maltreatment records (prospective ascertainment). RESULTS: Childhood maltreatment was associated with elevated odds of mood, anxiety and drug disorders (odds ratios = 2.1-4.1), with no difference in association strength between prospective and retrospective groups. Prospectively ascertained maltreatment predicted unfavourable depression course involving early onset, chronicity and impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Prospectively and retrospectively assessed maltreatment elevated the risk of psychopathology to a similar degree. Prospectively ascertained maltreatment predicted a more unfavourable depression course. %B British Journal of Psychiatry %V 200 %P 469–475 %8 jun %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103267 %N 6 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103267 %0 Journal Article %J British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Eaton, Nicholas R. %A Krueger, Robert F. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Wall, Melanie M. %A Grant, Bridget F. %A Hasin, Deborah S. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Child %K Child abuse %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Epidemiologic Methods %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Models %K Sex Distribution %K Sex Factors %K Statistical %K United States %X BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that various types of childhood maltreatment frequently co-occur and confer risk for multiple psychiatric diagnoses. This non-specific pattern of risk may mean that childhood maltreatment increases vulnerability to numerous specific psychiatric disorders through diverse, specific mechanisms or that childhood maltreatment engenders a generalised liability to dimensions of psychopathology. Although these competing explanations have different implications for intervention, they have never been evaluated empirically. AIMS: We used a latent variable approach to estimate the associations of childhood maltreatment with underlying dimensions of internalising and externalising psychopathology and with specific disorders after accounting for the latent dimensions. We also examined gender differences in these associations. METHOD: Data were drawn from a nationally representative survey of 34 653 US adults. Lifetime DSM-IV psychiatric disorders were assessed using the AUDADIS-IV. Physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect were assessed using validated measures. Analyses controlled for other childhood adversities and sociodemographics. RESULTS: The effects were fully mediated through the latent liability dimensions, with an impact on underlying liability levels to internalising and externalising psychopathology rather than specific psychiatric disorders. Important gender differences emerged with physical abuse associated only with externalising liability in men, and only with internalising liability in women. Neglect was not significantly associated with latent liability levels. CONCLUSIONS: The association between childhood maltreatment and common psychiatric disorders operates through latent liabilities to experience internalising and externalising psychopathology, indicating that the prevention of maltreatment may have a wide range of benefits in reducing the prevalence of many common mental disorders. Different forms of abuse have gender-specific consequences for the expression of internalising and externalising psychopathology, suggesting gender-specific aetiological pathways between maltreatment and psychopathology. %B British Journal of Psychiatry %V 200 %P 107–115 %8 feb %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062 %N 2 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062 %0 Journal Article %J Behavior Therapy %D 2012 %T Concreteness of positive, negative, and neutral repetitive thinking about the future %A Behar, Evelyn %A McGowan, Sarah Kate %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Borkovec, T. D. %A Goldwin, Michelle %A Bjorkquist, Olivia %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Affect %K Anxiety %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %K Young Adult %X Consistent with assertions that the adaptiveness of repetitive thinking is influenced by both its valence and style, Stöber (e.g., Stöber & Borkovec, 2002) has argued that worry is characterized by a reduced concreteness of thought content and that the resulting abstractness contributes to its inhibition of some aspects of anxious responding. However, extant research does not provide a direct test of Stöber's reduced concreteness theory of worry. We sought to test Stöber's theory and to examine the adaptiveness of repetitive worrisome thinking by randomly assigning 108 participants to engage in five consecutive periods of repetitive thinking about positively, negatively, or neutrally valenced potential future events. Results based on coding of thought data indicated that (a) repetitive thinking became increasingly less concrete as periods progressed; (b) contrary to Stöber's theory, both negative and positive repetitive future thinking were more concrete than neutral repetitive future thinking (and did not differ from each other); and (c) abstractness of thought during negative repetitive future thinking was associated with reduced reports of imagery-based activity. Results based on self-reported affect indicated that negatively valenced repetitive future thinking was uniquely associated with initial decreases in anxious affect, followed by increased anxious affect that coincided with increased imagery-based activity. This suggests that worry is associated with a sequential mitigation of anxious meaning followed by a strengthening of anxious meaning over time. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. %B Behavior Therapy %V 43 %P 300–312 %8 jun %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.002 %0 Journal Article %J International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research %D 2012 %T Diagnostic validity across racial and ethnic groups in the assessment of adolescent DSM-IV disorders %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Lin, Julia Y. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Alegria, Margarita %K Adolescent %K Algorithms %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Humans %K Interview %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Psychological %K Reproducibility of Results %K Retrospective Studies %K ROC Curve %K Sensitivity and Specificity %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X We examine differential validity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses assessed by the fully-structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI) among Latino, non-Latino Black, and non-Latino White adolescents in comparison to gold standard diagnoses derived from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children (K-SADS). Results are based on the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement, a national US survey of adolescent mental health. Clinicians re-interviewed 347 adolescent/parent dyads with the K-SADS. Sensitivity and/or specificity of CIDI diagnoses varied significantly by ethnicity/race for four of ten disorders. Modifications to algorithms sometimes reduced bias in prevalence estimates, but at the cost of reducing individual-level concordance. These findings document the importance of assessing fully-structured diagnostic instruments for differential accuracy in ethnic/racial subgroups. %B International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research %V 21 %P 311–320 %8 dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1002/mpr.1371 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse & Neglect %D 2012 %T Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Xuan, Ziming %A Conron, Kerith J. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Bisexuality %K Child abuse %K Crime Victims %K Depression %K Domestic Violence %K Family Health %K Female %K Heterosexuality %K Homeless Youth %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Sex Factors %K Sexuality %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X OBJECTIVES: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations exhibit elevated rates of psychiatric disorders compared to heterosexuals, and these disparities emerge early in the life course. We examined the role of exposure to early-life victimization and adversity-including physical and sexual abuse, homelessness, and intimate partner violence-in explaining sexual orientation disparities in mental health among adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 3 (2001-2002), a nationally representative survey of adolescents. Participants included gay/lesbian (n=227), bisexual (n=245), and heterosexual (n=13,490) youths, ages 18-27. We examined differences in the prevalence of exposure to child physical or sexual abuse, homelessness or expulsion from one's home by caregivers, and physical and sexual intimate partner violence according to sexual orientation. Next we examined the associations of these exposures with symptoms of psychopathology including suicidal ideation and attempts, depression, binge drinking, illicit drug use, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. Finally, we determined whether exposure to victimization and adversity explained the association between sexual orientation and psychopathology. RESULTS: Gay/lesbian and bisexual respondents had higher levels of psychopathology than heterosexuals across all outcomes. Gay/lesbian respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse and housing adversity, and bisexual respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse, housing adversity, and intimate partner violence, than heterosexuals. Greater exposure to these adversities explained between 10 and 20% of the relative excess of suicidality, depression, tobacco use, and symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse among LGB youths compared to heterosexuals. Exposure to victimization and adversity experiences in childhood and adolescence significantly mediated the association of both gay/lesbian and bisexual orientation with suicidality, depressive symptoms, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to victimization in early-life family and romantic relationships explains, in part, sexual orientation disparities in a wide range of mental health and substance use outcomes, highlighting novel targets for preventive interventions aimed at reducing these disparities. %B Child Abuse & Neglect %V 36 %P 645–655 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.004 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2012 %T Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior %A Herts, Kate L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Analysis of Variance %K Bullying %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Psychological %K STRESS %K United States %X {Exposure to stress is associated with a wide range of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents, including aggressive behavior. Extant research examining mechanisms underlying the associations between stress and youth aggression has consistently identified social information processing pathways that are disrupted by exposure to violence and increase risk of aggressive behavior. In the current study, we use longitudinal data to examine emotion dysregulation as a potential mechanism linking a broader range of stressful experiences to aggressive behavior in a diverse sample of early adolescents (N = 1065). Specifically, we examined the longitudinal associations of peer victimization and stressful life events with emotion dysregulation and aggressive behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to create latent constructs of emotion dysregulation and aggression. Both stressful life events and peer victimization predicted subsequent increases in emotion dysregulation over a 4-month period. These increases in emotion dysregulation, in turn, were associated with increases in aggression over the subsequent 3 months. Longitudinal mediation models showed that emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship of both peer victimization (z = 2.35 %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 40 %P 1111–1122 %8 oct %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1007/s10802-012-9629-4 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Food insecurity and mental disorders in a national sample of U.S. adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Alegría, Margarita %A Costello, E. Jane %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Comorbidity %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Food Supply %K Health Status Indicators %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mental Health %K Social Conditions %K Socioeconomic Factors %K United States %X OBJECTIVE: To examine whether food insecurity is associated with past-year DSM-IV mental disorders after controlling for standard indicators of family socioeconomic status (SES) in a U.S. national sample of adolescents. METHOD: Data were drawn from 6,483 adolescent-parent pairs who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement, a national survey of adolescents 13 to 17 years old. Frequency and severity of food insecurity were assessed with questions based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Security Scale (standardized to a mean of 0, variance of 1). DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Associations of food insecurity with DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview diagnoses were estimated with logistic regression models controlling for family SES (parental education, household income, relative deprivation, community-level inequality, and subjective social status). RESULTS: Food insecurity was highest in adolescents with the lowest SES. Controlling simultaneously for other aspects of SES, standardized food insecurity was associated with an increased odds of past-year mood, anxiety, behavior, and substance disorders. A 1 standard deviation increase in food insecurity was associated with a 14% increase in the odds of past-year mental disorder, even after controlling for extreme poverty. The association between food insecurity and mood disorders was strongest in adolescents living in families with a low household income and high relative deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity is associated with a wide range of adolescent mental disorders independently of other aspects of SES. Expansion of social programs aimed at decreasing family economic strain might be one useful policy approach for improving youth mental health. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 51 %P 1293–1303 %8 dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.009 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Intermittent explosive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Hwang, Irving %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K and Conduct Disorders %K Anger %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Disruptive %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Impulse Control %K Interview %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mood Disorders %K Psychological %K Statistics as Topic %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies of adults show that DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a highly prevalent and seriously impairing disorder. Although retrospective reports in these studies suggest that IED typically begins in childhood, no previous epidemiologic research has directly examined the prevalence or correlates of IED among youth. OBJECTIVE: To present epidemiologic data on the prevalence and correlates of IED among US adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. DESIGN: United States survey of adolescent (age, 13-17 years) DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders. SETTING: Dual-frame household-school samples. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6483 adolescents (interviews) and parents (questionnaires). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders were assessed with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of adolescents (63.3%) reported lifetime anger attacks that involved destroying property, threatening violence, or engaging in violence. Of these, 7.8% met DSM-IV/CIDI criteria for lifetime IED. Intermittent explosive disorder had an early age at onset (mean age, 12.0 years) and was highly persistent, as indicated by 80.1% of lifetime cases (6.2% of all respondents) meeting 12-month criteria for IED. Injuries related to IED requiring medical attention reportedly occurred 52.5 times per 100 lifetime cases. In addition, IED was significantly comorbid with a wide range of DSMIV/CIDI mood, anxiety, and substance disorders, with 63.9% of lifetime cases meeting criteria for another such disorder. Although more than one-third (37.8%) of adolescents with 12-month IED received treatment for emotional problems in the year before the interview, only 6.5% of respondents with 12-month IED were treated specifically for anger. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent explosive disorder is a highly prevalent, persistent, and seriously impairing adolescent mental disorder that is both understudied and undertreated. Research is needed to uncover risk and protective factors for the disorder, develop strategies for screening and early detection, and identify effective treatments. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 69 %P 1131–1139 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.592 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %D 2012 %T Interpersonal stress generation as a mechanism linking rumination to internalizing symptoms in early adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Bullying %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Friends %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Peer Group %K Psychological %K STRESS %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %X Rumination is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Previous investigations of the mechanisms linking rumination to internalizing problems have focused primarily on cognitive factors. We investigated whether interpersonal stress generation plays a role in the longitudinal relationship between rumination and internalizing symptoms in young adolescents. Adolescents (Grades 6-8, N = 1,065) from an ethnically diverse community completed measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived friendship quality, and peer victimization at two assessments, 7 months apart. We determined whether rumination predicted increased exposure to peer victimization and whether changes in perceived friendship quality mediated this relationship. We also evaluated whether peer victimization mediated the association between rumination and internalizing symptoms. Adolescents who engaged in high levels of rumination at baseline were more likely to experience overt, relational, and reputational victimization at a subsequent time point 7 months later, controlling for baseline internalizing symptoms and victimization. Increased communication with peers was a significant partial mediator of this association for relational (z = 1.98, p = .048) and reputational (z = 2.52, p = .024) victimization. Exposure to overt (z = 3.37, p = .014), relational (z = 3.67, p \textless .001), and reputational (z = 3.78, p \textless .001) victimization fully mediated the association between baseline rumination and increases in internalizing symptoms over the study period. These findings suggest that interpersonal stress generation is a mechanism linking rumination to internalizing problems in adolescents and highlight the importance of targeting interpersonal factors in treatment and preventive interventions for adolescents who engage in rumination. %B Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology %V 41 %P 584–597 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/15374416.2012.704840 %0 Journal Article %J The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science %D 2012 %T Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Gadermann, Anne M. %A Hwang, Irving %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Al-Hamzawi, Ali %A Andrade, Laura Helena %A Angermeyer, Matthias C. %A Benjet, Corina %A Bromet, Evelyn J. %A Bruffaerts, Ronny %A Caldas-de-Almeida, José Miguel %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Graaf, Ron %A Florescu, Silvia %A Gureje, Oye %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Hinkov, Hristo Ruskov %A Horiguchi, Itsuko %A Hu, Chiyi %A Karam, Aimee Nasser %A Kovess-Masfety, Viviane %A Lee, Sing %A Murphy, Samuel D. %A Nizamie, S. Haque %A Posada-Villa, José %A Williams, David R. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Mental Disorders %K Parents %K psychopathology %K Qualitative Research %K Risk Factors %K Self Report %K World Health Organization %X BACKGROUND: Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity. AIMS: To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders. METHOD: Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews. RESULTS: Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle- than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders. %B The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science %V 200 %P 290–299 %8 apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101253 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Avenevoli, Shelli %A Costello, E. Jane %A Georgiades, Katholiki %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A He, Jian-ping %A Koretz, Doreen %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Merikangas, Kathleen Ries %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Demography %K Disease Progression %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Prevalence %K Socioeconomic Factors %K United States %X CONTEXT: Community epidemiological data on the prevalence and correlates of adolescent mental disorders are needed for policy planning purposes. Only limited data of this sort are available. OBJECTIVE: To present estimates of 12-month and 30-day prevalence, persistence (12-month prevalence among lifetime cases and 30-day prevalence among 12-month cases), and sociodemographic correlates of commonly occurring DSM-IV disorders among adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. DESIGN: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement is a US national survey of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders among US adolescents based on face-to-face interviews in the homes of respondents with supplemental parent questionnaires. SETTING: Dual-frame household and school samples of US adolescents. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10,148 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (interviews) and 1 parent of each adolescent (questionnaires). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders assessed with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview and validated with blinded clinical interviews based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children. Good concordance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >=0.80) was found between Composite International Diagnostic Interview and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children diagnoses. RESULTS: The prevalence estimates of any DSM-IV disorder are 40.3% at 12 months (79.5% of lifetime cases) and 23.4% at 30 days (57.9% of 12-month cases). Anxiety disorders are the most common class of disorders, followed by behavior, mood, and substance disorders. Although relative disorder prevalence is quite stable over time, 30-day to 12-month prevalence ratios are higher for anxiety and behavior disorders than mood or substance disorders, suggesting that the former are more chronic than the latter. The 30-day to 12-month prevalence ratios are generally lower than the 12-month to lifetime ratios, suggesting that disorder persistence is due more to episode recurrence than to chronicity. Sociodemographic correlates are largely consistent with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Among US adolescents, DSM-IV disorders are highly prevalent and persistent. Persistence is higher for adolescents than among adults and appears to be due more to recurrence than chronicity of child-adolescent onset disorders. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 69 %P 372–380 %8 apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160 %0 Journal Article %J Military Medicine %D 2012 %T Projected rates of psychological disorders and suicidality among soldiers based on simulations of matched general population data %A Gadermann, Anne M. %A Gilman, Stephen E. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Matthew K. Nock %A Petukhova, Maria %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Age of Onset %K Attempted %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Military Personnel %K Prevalence %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Suicidal ideation %K Suicide %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X Limited data are available on lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of psychological disorders and suicidal behaviors among Army personnel. We used simulation methods to approximate such estimates based on analysis of data from a U.S. national general population survey with the sociodemographic profile of U.S. Army personnel. Estimated lifetime prevalence of any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) anxiety, mood, behavior, or substance disorder in this sample was 53.1% (17.7% for mood disorders, 27.2% for anxiety disorders, 22.7% for behavior disorders, and 14.4% for substance disorders). The vast majority of cases had onsets before the expected age of enlistment if they were in the Army (91.6%). Lifetime prevalence was 14.2% for suicidal ideation, 5.4% for suicide plans, and 4.5% for suicide attempts. The proportion of estimated preenlistment onsets was between 68.4% (suicide plans) and 82.4% (suicidal ideation). Externalizing disorders with onsets before expected age of enlistment and internalizing disorders with onsets after expected age of enlistment significantly predicted postenlistment suicide attempts, with population attributable risk proportions of 41.8% and 38.8%, respectively. Implications of these findings are discussed for interventions designed to screen, detect, and treat psychological disorders and suicidality in the Army. %B Military Medicine %V 177 %P 1002–1010 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Severity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Avenevoli, Shelli %A Costello, Jane %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Petukhova, Maria %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Merikangas, Kathleen Ries %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Affective Symptoms %K Comorbidity %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Parents %K Prevalence %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Severity of Illness Index %K United States %X CONTEXT: Estimates of DSM-IV disorder prevalence are high; stringent criteria to define need for services are desired. OBJECTIVE: To present US national data on the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of 12-month serious emotional disturbance (SED), defined by the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. DESIGN: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement is a national survey of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders among US adolescents. SETTING: Dual-frame household and school samples of US adolescents. PARTICIPANTS: Total of 6483 pairs of adolescents aged 13 to 17 (interviews) and parents (questionnaires). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV disorders were assessed with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview and validated with blinded clinical interviews based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children. Serious emotional disturbance was operationalized as a DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview disorder with a score of 50 or less on the Children's Global Assessment Scale (ie, moderate impairment in most areas of functioning or severe impairment in at least 1 area). Concordance of Composite International Diagnostic Interview SED diagnoses with blinded Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children diagnoses was good. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of SED was 8.0%. Most SEDs were due to behavior (54.5%) or mood (31.4%) disorders. Although respondents with 3 or more disorders made up only 29.0% of those with 12-month DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview disorders, they constituted 63.5% of SEDs. Predictive effects of high comorbidity were significantly greater than the product of their disorder-specific odds ratios and consistent across disorder types. Associations of sociodemographic variables with SED were generally nonsignificant after controlling for disorder type and number. CONCLUSIONS: The high estimated 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV disorders among US adolescents is largely due to mild cases. The significant between-disorder differences in risk of SED and the significant effect of high comorbidity have important public health implications for targeting interventions. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 69 %P 381–389 %8 apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1603 %0 Journal Article %J Social Science & Medicine (1982) %D 2012 %T Social networks and risk for depressive symptoms in a national sample of sexual minority youth %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Xuan, Ziming %K Adolescent %K Bisexuality %K Depression %K Female %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Minority Groups %K Risk Factors %K Social Support %K United States %X The aim of the study was to examine the social networks of sexual minority youths and to determine the associations between social networks and depressive symptoms. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative cohort study of American adolescents (N = 14,212). Wave 1 (1994-1995) collected extensive information about the social networks of participants through peer nomination inventories, as well as measures of sexual minority status and depressive symptoms. Using social network data, we examined three characteristics of adolescents' social relationships: (1) social isolation; (2) degree of connectedness; and (3) social status. Sexual minority youths, particularly females, were more isolated, less connected, and had lower social status in peer networks than opposite-sex attracted youths. Among sexual minority male (but not female) youths, greater isolation as well as lower connectedness and status within a network were associated with greater depressive symptoms. Moreover, greater isolation in social networks partially explained the association between sexual minority status and depressive symptoms among males. Finally, a significant 3-way interaction indicated that the association between social isolation and depression was stronger for sexual minority male youths than non-minority youths and sexual minority females. These results suggest that the social networks in which sexual minority male youths are embedded may confer risk for depressive symptoms, underscoring the importance of considering peer networks in both research and interventions targeting sexual minority male adolescents. %B Social Science & Medicine (1982) %V 75 %P 1184–1191 %8 oct %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.030 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Public Health %D 2012 %T Socioeconomic status and adolescent mental disorders %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Costello, E. Jane %A Leblanc, William %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Data Collection %K Educational Status %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Income %K Logistic Models %K Mental Disorders %K Social Class %K United States %X OBJECTIVES: Although previous research has shown that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with mental illness, it is unclear which aspects of SES are most important. We investigated this issue by examining associations between 5 aspects of SES and adolescent mental disorders. METHODS: Data came from a national survey of US adolescents (n = 6483). Associations among absolute SES (parental income and education), relative SES (relative deprivation, subjective social status), and community level income variation (Gini coefficient) with past-year mental disorders were examined. RESULTS: Subjective social status (mean 0, variance 1) was most consistently associated with mental disorder. Odds ratios with mood, anxiety, substance, and behavior disorders after controlling for other SES indicators were all statistically significant and in the range of 0.7 to 0.8. Associations were strongest for White adolescents. Parent education was associated with low risk for anxiety disorder, relative deprivation with high risk for mood disorder, and the other 2 indicators were associated with none of the disorders considered. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between SES and adolescent mental disorders are most directly the result of perceived social status, an aspect of SES that might be more amenable to interventions than objective aspects of SES. %B American Journal of Public Health %V 102 %P 1742–1750 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300477 %0 Journal Article %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America %D 2012 %T Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Adolescent %K Alpha Rhythm %K Brain %K Child %K Electroencephalography %K Female %K Humans %K Institutionalized %K Linear Models %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Orphanages %K Romania %X We used structural MRI and EEG to examine brain structure and function in typically developing children in Romania (n = 20), children exposed to institutional rearing (n = 29), and children previously exposed to institutional rearing but then randomized to a high-quality foster care intervention (n = 25). In so doing, we provide a unique evaluation of whether placement in an improved environment mitigates the effects of institutional rearing on neural structure, using data from the only existing randomized controlled trial of foster care for institutionalized children. Children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project underwent a T1-weighted MRI protocol. Children with histories of institutional rearing had significantly smaller cortical gray matter volume than never-institutionalized children. Cortical white matter was no different for children placed in foster care than never-institutionalized children but was significantly smaller for children not randomized to foster care. We were also able to explain previously reported reductions in EEG $\alpha$-power among institutionally reared children compared with children raised in families using these MRI data. As hypothesized, the association between institutionalization and EEG $\alpha$-power was partially mediated by cortical white matter volume for children not randomized to foster care. The increase in white matter among children randomized to an improved rearing environment relative to children who remained in institutional care suggests the potential for developmental "catch up" in white matter growth, even following extreme environmental deprivation. %B Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America %V 109 %P 12927–12932 %8 aug %G eng %N 32 %R 10.1073/pnas.1200041109 %0 Book Section %B Depression in Adolescent Girls %D 2011 %T The role of rumination in promoting and preventing depression in adolescent girls %A Mclaughlin, Katie %A S. Nolen-Hoeksema %E Timothy Strauman %E Philip Costanzo %E Judy Garber %X

Women are twice as likely as men to become depressed and this gender difference

emerges in early adolescence. One contributor to the gender difference in depression may be a greater tendency to ruminate in response to distress in females compared to males. Numerous studies of adults and a few studies of adolescents have established that rumination is a risk factor for depression and that females are more likely than males to ruminate. We briefly review these studies and the mechanisms by which rumination appears to exacerbate and prolong depression. Then we discuss how existing preventative intervention may help to reduce risk of depression by reducing the tendency to ruminate. Finally, we discuss how programs can be adapted to focus specifically on preventing the increase in depression in adolescent girls by reducing rumination.

%B Depression in Adolescent Girls %I Guilford Press %P 112-129 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2011 %T Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adult %K anxiety disorders %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %X

The high rate of comorbidity among mental disorders has driven a search for factors associated with the development of multiple types of psychopathology, referred to as transdiagnostic factors. Rumination is involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression, and recent evidence implicates rumi- nation in the development of anxiety. The extent to which rumination is a transdiagnostic factor that accounts for the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, however, has not previously been examined. We investigated whether rumination explained the concurrent and prospective associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety in two longitudinal studies: one of adolescents (N 1⁄4 1065) and one of adults (N 1⁄4 1317). Rumination was a full mediator of the concurrent association between symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents (z 1⁄4 6.7, p < .001) and was a partial mediator of this association in adults (z 1⁄4 5.6, p < .001). In prospective analyses in the adolescent sample, baseline depressive symptoms predicted increases in anxiety, and rumination fully mediated this association (z 1⁄4 5.26, p < .001). In adults, baseline depression predicted increases in anxiety and baseline anxiety predicted increases in depression; rumination fully mediated both of these associations (z 1⁄4 2.35,p 1⁄4 .019 and z 1⁄4 5.10, p < .001, respectively). These findings highlight the importance of targeting rumination in transdiagnostic treatment approaches for emotional disorders.

%B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 49 %P 186–193 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Preventive Medicine %D 2011 %T Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence %A Roberts, Andrea L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Conron, Kerith J. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Child %K Domestic Violence %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Preschool %K Psychological %K Risk Assessment %K Sexual Partners %K STRESS %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: More than half a million U.S. women and more than 100,000 men are treated for injuries from intimate partner violence (IPV) annually, making IPV perpetration a major public health problem. However, little is known about causes of perpetration across the life course. PURPOSE: This paper examines the role of "stress sensitization," whereby adult stressors increase risk for IPV perpetration most strongly in people with a history of childhood adversity. METHODS: The study investigated a possible interaction effect between adulthood stressors and childhood adversities in risk of IPV perpetration, specifically, whether the difference in risk of IPV perpetration associated with past-year stressors varied by history of exposure to childhood adversity. Analyses were conducted in 2010 using de-identified data from 34,653 U.S. adults from the 2004-2005 follow-up wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS: There was a significant stress sensitization effect. For men with high-level childhood adversity, past-year stressors were associated with an 8.8 percentage point (pp) increased risk of perpetrating compared to a 2.3 pp increased risk among men with low-level adversity. Women with high-level childhood adversity had a 14.3 pp increased risk compared with a 2.5 pp increased risk in the low-level adversity group. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with recent stressors and histories of childhood adversity are at particularly elevated risk of IPV perpetration; therefore, prevention efforts should target this population. Treatment programs for IPV perpetrators, which have not been effective in reducing risk of perpetrating, may benefit from further investigating the role of stress and stress reactivity in perpetration. %B American Journal of Preventive Medicine %V 40 %P 128–138 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.016 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health %D 2011 %T Adverse childhood experiences and risk of physical violence in adolescent dating relationships %A Miller, Elizabeth %A Breslau, Joshua %A Chung, W.-J. Joanie %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child abuse %K Courtship %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Risk Assessment %K Violence %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: This study evaluates associations of commonly co-occurring childhood adversities with physical violence in dating relationships to identify potential strategies for refining and targeting dating violence prevention programmes. METHODS: Data on 5130 adult respondents to a nationally representative survey with at least one dating relationship before the age of 21 years were analysed. Logistic regression models assessed associations between 12 childhood adversities and physical dating violence (PDV). RESULTS: Adjusting for the number of co-occurring adversities, 10 of the 12 childhood adversities were significantly associated with PDV perpetration or victimisation (OR 1.5-2.8). The population attributable risk proportion of PDV due to all 12 childhood adversities was 53.4%. Childhood adversities with the highest attributable risk proportions were sexual abuse (13.8%), interparental violence (11.6%) and parent mental illness (10.7%). Multivariate prediction equations ranked respondents by their childhood adversity risk profiles; 46.4% of PDV cases occurred in the top two risk deciles. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of a broad range of childhood exposures to familial adversities may help to identify adolescents at particularly high risk of PDV and to guide prevention efforts. %B Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health %V 65 %P 1006–1013 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1136/jech.2009.105429 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2011 %T Adverse rearing environments and neural development in children: the development of frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Case-Control Studies %K Child %K Developmental Disabilities %K Electroencephalography %K Environment %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Frontal Lobe %K Humans %K Infant %K Institutionalized %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Preschool %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Time Factors %X BACKGROUND: Children raised in institutional settings experience marked deprivation in social and environmental stimulation. This deprivation may disrupt brain development in ways that increase risk for psychopathology. Differential hemispheric activation of the frontal cortex is an established biological substrate of affective style that is associated with internalizing psychopathology. Previous research has never characterized the development of frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry in children or evaluated whether adverse rearing environments alter developmental trajectories. METHODS: A sample of 136 children (mean age = 23 months) residing in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, and a sample of community control subjects (n = 72) participated. Half of institutionalized children were randomized to a foster care intervention. Electroencephalogram data were acquired at study entry and at ages 30, 42, and 96 months. A structured diagnostic interview of psychiatric disorders was completed at 54 months. RESULTS: Children exhibited increases in right relative to left hemisphere frontal activation between the second and fourth years of life, followed by an increase in left relative to right hemisphere activation. Children reared in institutions experienced a prolonged period of increased right hemisphere activation and a blunted rebound in left frontal activation. Foster care placement was associated with improved developmental trajectories but only among children placed before 24 months. The development trajectory of frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry in early childhood predicted internalizing symptoms at 54 months. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to adverse rearing environments can alter brain development, culminating in heightened risk for psychopathology. Interventions delivered early in life have the greatest potential to mitigate the long-term effects of these environments. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 70 %P 1008–1015 %8 dec %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.006 %0 Journal Article %J Social Science & Medicine (1982) %D 2011 %T Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Breslau, Joshua %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Lakoma, Matthew D. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Mental Disorders %K Odds Ratio %K Preschool %K Severity of Illness Index %K Social Class %K United States %K Young Adult %X Although significant associations between childhood socio-economic status (SES) and adult mental disorders have been widely documented, SES has been defined using several different indicators often considered alone. Little research has examined the relative importance of these different indicators in accounting for the overall associations of childhood SES with adult outcomes. Nor has previous research distinguished associations of childhood SES with first onsets of mental disorders in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood from those with persistence of these disorders into adulthood in accounting for the overall associations between childhood SES and adult mental disorders. Disaggregated data of this sort are presented here for the associations of childhood SES with a wide range of adult DSM-IV mental disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally-representative sample of 5692 adults. Childhood SES was assessed retrospectively with information about parental education and occupation and childhood family financial adversity. Associations of these indicators with first onset of 20 DSM-IV disorders that included anxiety, mood, behavioral, and substance disorders at different life-course stages (childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and mid-later adulthood) and the persistence/severity of these disorders were examined using discrete-time survival analysis. Lifetime disorders and their ages-of-onset were assessed retrospectively with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Different aspects of childhood SES predicted onset, persistence, and severity of mental disorders. Childhood financial hardship predicted onset of all classes of disorders at every life-course stage with odds-ratios (ORs) of 1.7-2.3. Childhood financial hardship was unrelated, in comparison, to disorder persistence or severity. Low parental education, although unrelated to disorder onset, significantly predicted disorder persistence and severity, whereas parental occupation was unrelated to onset, persistence, or severity. Some, but not all, of these associations were explained by other co-occurring childhood adversities. These specifications have important implications for mental health interventions targeting low-SES children. %B Social Science & Medicine (1982) %V 73 %P 1088–1096 %8 oct %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.011 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2011 %T Complicated grief associated with Hurricane Katrina %A Shear, M. Katherine %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Ghesquiere, Angela %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K 80 and over %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Comorbidity %K Cyclonic Storms %K Disasters %K Female %K Grief %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Suicide %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although losses are important consequences of disasters, few epidemiological studies of disasters have assessed complicated grief (CG) and none assessed CG associated with losses other than death of loved one. METHODS: Data come from the baseline survey of the Hurricane Katrina Community Advisory Group, a representative sample of 3,088 residents of the areas directly affected by Hurricane Katrina. A brief screen for CG was included containing four items consistent with the proposed DSM-V criteria for a diagnosis of bereavement-related adjustment disorder. RESULTS: Fifty-eight and half percent of respondents reported a significant hurricane-related loss: Most-severe losses were 29.0% tangible, 9.5% interpersonal, 8.1% intangible, 4.2% work/financial, and 3.7% death of loved one. Twenty-six point one percent respondents with significant loss had possible CG and 7.0% moderate-to-severe CG. Death of loved one was associated with the highest conditional probability of moderate-to-severe CG (18.5%, compared to 1.1-10.5% conditional probabilities for other losses), but accounted for only 16.5% of moderate-to-severe CG due to its comparatively low prevalence. Most moderate-to-severe CG was due to tangible (52.9%) or interpersonal (24.0%) losses. Significant predictors of CG were mostly unique to either bereavement (racial-ethnic minority status, social support) or other losses (prehurricane history of psychopathology, social competence.). CONCLUSIONS: Nonbereavement losses accounted for the vast majority of hurricane-related possible CG despite risk of CG being much higher in response to bereavement than to other losses. This result argues for expansion of research on CG beyond bereavement and alerts clinicians to the need to address postdisaster grief associated with a wide range of losses. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 28 %P 648–657 %8 aug %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1002/da.20865 %N 8 %R 10.1002/da.20865 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2011 %T Development of lifetime comorbidity in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Ormel, Johan %A Petukhova, Maria %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Russo, Leo J. %A Stein, Dan J. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio %A Alonso, Jordi %A Andrade, Laura %A Benjet, Corina %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A de Graaf, Ron %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Fayyad, John %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Hu, Chiyi %A Karam, Aimee %A Lee, Sing %A Lepine, Jean-Pierre %A Matchsinger, Herbert %A Mihaescu-Pintia, Constanta %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Sagar, Rajesh %A Ustün, T. Bedirhan %K Adult %K Aged %K Anxiety %K Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders %K Comorbidity %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K International Cooperation %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Models %K Mood Disorders %K Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder %K Phobic Disorders %K Psychological %K Psychomotor Agitation %K Risk Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Time Factors %K World Health Organization %X CONTEXT: Although numerous studies have examined the role of latent variables in the structure of comorbidity among mental disorders, none has examined their role in the development of comorbidity. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of latent variables in the development of comorbidity among 18 lifetime DSM-IV disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. DESIGN: Nationally or regionally representative community surveys. SETTING: Fourteen countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 229 survey respondents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First onset of 18 lifetime DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders assessed retrospectively in the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Separate internalizing (anxiety and mood disorders) and externalizing (behavior and substance disorders) factors were found in exploratory factor analysis of lifetime disorders. Consistently significant positive time-lagged associations were found in survival analyses for virtually all temporally primary lifetime disorders predicting subsequent onset of other disorders. Within-domain (ie, internalizing or externalizing) associations were generally stronger than between-domain associations. Most time-lagged associations were explained by a model that assumed the existence of mediating latent internalizing and externalizing variables. Specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (internalizing) and hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorders (externalizing) were the most important predictors. A small number of residual associations remained significant after controlling the latent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The good fit of the latent variable model suggests that common causal pathways account for most of the comorbidity among the disorders considered herein. These common pathways should be the focus of future research on the development of comorbidity, although several important pairwise associations that cannot be accounted for by latent variables also exist that warrant further focused study. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 68 %P 90–100 %8 jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.180 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2011 %T The effects of latent variables in the development of comorbidity among common mental disorders %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Cox, Brian J. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Ormel, Johan %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Merikangas, Kathleen Ries %A Petukhova, Maria %A Pine, Daniel S. %A Russo, Leo J. %A Swendsen, Joel %A Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Models %K Mood Disorders %K Multivariate Analysis %K Psychological %K Statistical %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have examined the role of latent predispositions to internalizing and externalizing disorders in the structure of comorbidity among common mental disorders, none examined latent predispositions in predicting development of comorbidity. METHODS: A novel method was used to study the role of latent variables in the development of comorbidity among lifetime DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Surveys. Broad preliminary findings are briefly presented to describe the method. The method used survival analysis to estimate time-lagged associations among 18 lifetime DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders. A novel estimation approach examined the extent to which these predictive associations could be explained by latent canonical variables representing internalizing and externalizing disorders. RESULTS: Consistently significant positive associations were found between temporally primary and secondary disorders. Within-domain time-lagged associations were generally stronger than between-domain associations. The vast majority of associations were explained by a model that assumed mediating effects of latent internalizing and externalizing variables, although the complexity of this model differed across samples. A number of intriguing residual associations emerged that warrant further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: The good fit of the canonical model suggests that common causal pathways account for most comorbidity among the disorders considered. These common pathways should be the focus of future research on the development of comorbidity. However, the existence of several important residual associations shows that more is involved than simple mediation. The method developed to carry out these analyses provides a unique way to pinpoint these significant residual associations for subsequent focused study. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 28 %P 29–39 %8 jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1002/da.20760 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2011 %T Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: a prospective study %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Mennin, Douglas S. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Child %K Emotional Intelligence %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Informal %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Models %K Psychological %K Psychology %K psychopathology %K Risk Factors %K Social Control %X BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation deficits have been consistently linked to psychopathology in cross-sectional studies. However, the direction of the relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology is unclear. This study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between emotion regulation deficits and psychopathology in adolescents. METHODS: Emotion dysregulation and symptomatology (depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior, and eating pathology) were assessed in a large, diverse sample of adolescents (N=1065) at two time points separated by seven months. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS: The three distinct emotion processes examined here (emotional understanding, dysregulated expression of sadness and anger, and ruminative responses to distress) formed a unitary latent emotion dysregulation factor. Emotion dysregulation predicted increases in anxiety symptoms, aggressive behavior, and eating pathology after controlling for baseline symptoms but did not predict depressive symptoms. In contrast, none of the four types of psychopathology predicted increases in emotion dysregulation after controlling for baseline emotion dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Emotion dysregulation appears to be an important transdiagnostic factor that increases risk for a wide range of psychopathology outcomes in adolescence. These results suggest targets for preventive interventions during this developmental period of risk. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 49 %P 544–554 %8 sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 %0 Journal Article %J International Journal of Epidemiology %D 2011 %T The protective effects of social/contextual factors on psychiatric morbidity in LGB populations %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Adult %K anxiety disorders %K Bisexuality %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Major %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Mood Disorders %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Social Isolation %K Socioeconomic Factors %K United States %X BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) populations evidence higher rates of psychiatric disorders than heterosexuals, but most LGB individuals do not have mental-health problems. The present study examined risk modifiers at the social/contextual level that may protect LGB individuals from the development of psychiatric disorders. METHODS: Data are drawn from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34,653), a nationally representative study of non-institutionalized US adults. Risk variables included social isolation and economic adversity. High state-level concentration of same-sex couples, obtained from the US Census, was examined as a protective factor. RESULTS: The past-year prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder was lower among LGB respondents living in states with higher concentrations of same-sex couples, compared with LGB respondents in states with lower concentrations. Additionally, the increased risk for mood and anxiety disorders among LGB individuals exposed to economic adversity and social isolation was evident only in states with low concentrations of same-sex couples. These interactions between the risk and protective factors were not found among heterosexuals, suggesting specificity of the effects to LGB individuals. Results were not attenuated after controlling for socio-demographic factors, state-level income inequality, state-level policies targeting LGBs and state-level attitudes towards LGB-relevant issues. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for the protective effect of social/contextual influences on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in LGB individuals. Measures of the social environment should be incorporated into future research on the mental health of LGB populations. %B International Journal of Epidemiology %V 40 %P 1071–1080 %8 aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/ije/dyr019 %0 Journal Article %J Harvard Review of Psychiatry %D 2011 %T Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization %A Bos, Karen %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Stacy S. Drury %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Child %K Child abuse %K Developmental Disabilities %K Early Intervention (Education) %K Emotions %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Genetic Predisposition to Disease %K Humans %K Infant %K Institutionalized %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Object Attachment %K Preschool %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Reactive Attachment Disorder %K Romania %K Sex Factors %K Time Factors %K Treatment Outcome %X Children raised in institutions, considered an extreme example of social deprivation, are one group through which we can better understand the impact of neglect on child health and development. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is the first randomized, controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for institutionalized children. In this review we describe the mental health outcomes from the BEIP. Specifically, we report findings on attachment styles, attachment disorders, emotional reactivity, and psychiatric symptomatology for children in the BEIP. We describe the impact of the foster care intervention on these outcomes and also describe how outcomes differ by gender and by length of time spent in the institution. In addition, we explore the influence of genetic variation on individual outcomes and recovery from early severe social deprivation, as well as the role of differences in brain development in mediating later psychiatric morbidity. The results from the BEIP confirm and extend the previous findings on the negative sequelae of early institutional care on mental health. The results also underscore the benefit of early family placement for children living in institutions. %B Harvard Review of Psychiatry %V 19 %P 15–24 %8 feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.3109/10673229.2011.549773 %0 Journal Article %J Prevention Science %D 2011 %T The public health impact of major depression: a call for interdisciplinary prevention efforts %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %K Depressive Disorder %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Major %K Prevalence %K Public Health %K United States %X Major depression is a consequential public health problem in the United States. Depression has long been recognized as an important target of intervention in psychology and psychiatry, but these fields have focused efforts primarily on treatment rather than prevention. Although effective preventive interventions targeting high-risk groups have been developed, they have thus far had poor reach and sustainability in the community. The development of sustainable preventive interventions that have the potential to impact population health represents a critical goal for the field. To this end, a research agenda incorporating the perspectives of both mental health disciplines and public health is proposed as a guide for future depression prevention research. Increased interdisciplinary collaboration between mental health disciplines and public health is recommended to develop, enact, and evaluate multilevel preventive interventions aimed at reducing the population health burden of major depression. %B Prevention Science %V 12 %P 361–371 %8 dec %G eng %U https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1007/s11121-011-0231-8 %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11121-011-0231-8 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2011 %T Recovery from PTSD following Hurricane Katrina %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Berglund, Patricia %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Chronic Disease %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Cyclonic Storms %K Disasters %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Louisiana %K Male %K Mass Screening %K Middle Aged %K Post-Traumatic %K Prognosis %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Stress Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: We examined patterns and correlates of speed of recovery of estimated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people who developed PTSD in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. METHOD: A probability sample of prehurricane residents of areas affected by Hurricane Katrina was administered a telephone survey 7-19 months following the hurricane and again 24-27 months posthurricane. The baseline survey assessed PTSD using a validated screening scale and assessed a number of hypothesized predictors of PTSD recovery that included sociodemographics, prehurricane history of psychopathology, hurricane-related stressors, social support, and social competence. Exposure to posthurricane stressors and course of estimated PTSD were assessed in a follow-up interview. RESULTS: An estimated 17.1% of respondents had a history of estimated hurricane-related PTSD at baseline and 29.2% by the follow-up survey. Of the respondents who developed estimated hurricane-related PTSD, 39.0% recovered by the time of the follow-up survey with a mean duration of 16.5 months. Predictors of slow recovery included exposure to a life-threatening situation, hurricane-related housing adversity, and high income. Other sociodemographics, history of psychopathology, social support, social competence, and posthurricane stressors were unrelated to recovery from estimated PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of adults who developed estimated PTSD after Hurricane Katrina did not recover within 18-27 months. Delayed onset was common. Findings document the importance of initial trauma exposure severity in predicting course of illness and suggest that pre- and posttrauma factors typically associated with course of estimated PTSD did not influence recovery following Hurricane Katrina. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 28 %P 439–446 %8 jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1002/da.20790 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2011 %T Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adult %K anxiety disorders %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %X {The high rate of comorbidity among mental disorders has driven a search for factors associated with the development of multiple types of psychopathology, referred to as transdiagnostic factors. Rumination is involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression, and recent evidence implicates rumination in the development of anxiety. The extent to which rumination is a transdiagnostic factor that accounts for the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, however, has not previously been examined. We investigated whether rumination explained the concurrent and prospective associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety in two longitudinal studies: one of adolescents (N=1065) and one of adults (N=1317). Rumination was a full mediator of the concurrent association between symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents (z=6.7, p\textless .001) and was a partial mediator of this association in adults (z=5.6, p\textless .001). In prospective analyses in the adolescent sample, baseline depressive symptoms predicted increases in anxiety, and rumination fully mediated this association (z=5.26, p\textless .001). In adults, baseline depression predicted increases in anxiety and baseline anxiety predicted increases in depression; rumination fully mediated both of these associations (z=2.35 %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 49 %P 186–193 %8 mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006 %0 Journal Article %J Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %D 2011 %T State-level women's status and psychiatric disorders among US women %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Xuan, Ziming %A Subramanian, S. V. %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K 80 and over %K Adult %K Aged %K Epidemiologic studies %K Female %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %K Women's Health %K Young Adult %X PURPOSE: Although greater gender equality at the state-level is associated with fewer depressive symptoms in women after controlling for individual-level confounders, the extent to which state-level women's status is related to psychiatric disorders in women and gender differences in psychopathology has never been examined. We examined these associations in the current report. METHODS: We used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=34,653), a national probability sample of US adults. Respondents completed structured diagnostic assessments of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders. We used generalized estimating equations to examine associations between four state-level indicators of women's status (political participation, employment/earnings, social/economic autonomy, and reproductive rights) and odds of 12-month mood and anxiety disorders among women. We also tested whether women's status predicted the magnitude of gender differences in psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: State-level political participation, employment/earnings, and social/economic autonomy were unrelated to odds of 12-month mood and anxiety disorders among women. However, the prevalence of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder was lower in states where women have greater reproductive rights (OR 0.93-0.95), controlling for individual-level risk factors. None of the women's status indicators predicted gender differences in mood and anxiety disorder prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: State-level women's status was largely unrelated to mood and anxiety disorders in women or to gender differences in these disorders. Investigation of social factors that play a role in shaping the distribution of individual-level risk factors that are associated with gender disparities in psychiatric disorders represents an important avenue for future research. %B Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology %V 46 %P 1161–1171 %8 nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1007/s00127-010-0286-z %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) II: Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Green, J. G. %A Gruber, M. %A Sampson, N. %A Kessler, R.C. %X

Context  Although significant associations of childhood adversities (CAs) with adult mental disorders have been widely documented, associations of CAs with onset and persistence of disorders have not been distinguished. This distinction is important for conceptual and practical purposes.

Objective  To examine the multivariate associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with persistence of adult DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.

Design  Cross-sectional community survey.

Setting  Household population in the United States.

Participants  Nationally representative sample of 5692 adults.

Main Outcome Measures  Recency of episodes was assessed separately for each of 20 lifetime DSM-IV mood, anxiety, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders in respondents with a lifetime history of these disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Predictors of persistence were examined using backward recurrence survival models to predict time since most recent episode controlling for age at onset and time since onset.

Results  The CAs involving maladaptive family functioning (parental mental illness, substance use disorder, criminality, family violence, physical and sexual abuse, and neglect) but not other CAs were significantly but modestly related to persistence of mood, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders. Number of maladaptive family functioning CAs had statistically significant, but again substantively modest, subadditive associations with the same outcomes. Exposure to multiple other CAs was significantly associated with persistence of mood and anxiety disorders. Associations remained statistically significant throughout the life course, although the substantive size of associations indicated by simulations showing time to most recent episode would increase by only 1.6% (from a mean of 8.3 years to a mean of 8.4 years) in the absence of CAs.

Conclusions  The overall statistically significant associations of CAs with adult DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview disorders are due largely to component associations with onsets rather than with persistence, indirectly suggesting that the greatest focus of public health attention on CAs should be aimed at primary rather than secondary prevention.

Significant associations between retrospectively reported childhood adversities (CAs) and diverse adult mental disorders have been documented in numerous epidemiological surveys. These associations are substantial, with more than 30% of adult mental disorders estimated to be directly related to CAs. Previous studies have suggested that the associations are due to increased stress sensitivity that persists into adulthood, making individuals with a history of CAs especially vulnerable to mental disorders triggered by adult stressors. If this is the case, we would expect that CAs would be associated with disorder persistence because most adult episode onsets are recurrences rather than first onsets. However, previous epidemiological studies have largely focused on prevalent disorders or lifetime disorders, with no attempt to distinguish associations of CAs with disorder first onset vs persistence. It would be useful to make this distinction to advance our understanding of the associations of CAs with adult mental disorders. A companion article to this one takes a first step in doing this by analyzing data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and showing that the number of CAs is, in fact, associated with first onsets of a wide range of DSM-IV disorders throughout the life course. The present study takes the next logical step in this line of investigation by examining associations of CAs with persistence of the same DSM-IV disorders in the NCS-R.

Although a handful of previous studies have examined the associations of CAs with illness course, the results have been inconsistent. Some of these studies found significant associations of CAs with illness course, whereas others did not. Limitations of these studies are that they used relatively primitive methods to measure and analyze these associations and that they generally focused on a single mental health outcome. We address the first limitation in 2 ways. First, we use a novel statistical approach to examine the separate and joint associations of CAs with disorder persistence to address the fact that CAs are highly co-occurring and that multivariate associations of co-occurring CAs are generally nonadditive. Second, we use an innovative approach to measure illness course based on a special class of survival models known as backward recurrence models. These models allow us to study the associations of CAs with illness course more sensitively than in previous retrospective studies. We address the second limitation by examining associations of CAs with persistence of a wide range of DSM-IV disorders.

%B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 62 %P 124-132 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187 %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders %A Green, J. G. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Berglund, P. %A Gruber, M. %A Sampson, N. %A Kessler, R.C. %X

Context  Although significant associations of childhood adversities (CAs) with adult mental disorders have been documented consistently in epidemiological surveys, these studies generally have examined only 1 CA per study. Because CAs are highly clustered, this approach results in overestimating the importance of individual CAs. Multivariate CA studies have been based on insufficiently complex models.

Objective  To examine the joint associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with the first onset of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication using substantively complex multivariate models.

Design  Cross-sectional community survey with retrospective reports of CAs and lifetime DSM-IV disorders.

Setting  Household population in the United States.

Participants  Nationally representative sample of 9282 adults.

Main Outcome Measures  Lifetime prevalences of 20 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Results  The CAs studied were highly prevalent and intercorrelated. The CAs in a maladaptive family functioning (MFF) cluster (parental mental illness, substance abuse disorder, and criminality; family violence; physical abuse; sexual abuse; and neglect) were the strongest correlates of disorder onset. The best-fitting model included terms for each type of CA, number of MFF CAs, and number of other CAs. Multiple MFF CAs had significant subadditive associations with disorder onset. Little specificity was found for particular CAs with particular disorders. Associations declined in magnitude with life course stage and number of previous lifetime disorders but increased with length of recall. Simulations suggest that CAs are associated with 44.6% of all childhood-onset disorders and with 25.9% to 32.0% of later-onset disorders.

Conclusions  The fact that associations increased with length of recall raises the possibility of recall bias inflating estimates. Even considering this, the results suggest that CAs have powerful and often subadditive associations with the onset of many types of largely primary mental disorders throughout the life course.

Significant associations between retrospectively reported childhood adversities (CAs) and adult illness have been documented in numerous studies. The first such studies focused on only a single CA, such as parental death or neglect, and 1 mental disorder, most often depression. Subsequent studies showed that retrospectively reported CAs are often highly clustered, requiring examination of multiple CAs to avoid overestimating associations involving particular CAs. These studies also found that CAs are often nonspecific in their associations with many different mental disorders, making it useful to examine multiple outcomes to avoid overly narrow interpretations.

Subsequent studies created summary CA scales and documented dose-response relationships with adult outcomes. However, such indices implicitly assumed that each CA has the same effect and that joint effects are additive. These assumptions are almost certainly incorrect. Indeed, a preliminary examination of these assumptions in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) showed that some CAs have stronger associations with adult outcomes than do others and that joint associations are nonadditive. That study also found that these associations sometimes attenuate with age, a specification generally, but not always, ignored in subsequent studies.

The present study builds on these earlier NCS findings by analyzing the CAs assessed in the NCS Replication (NCS-R). Associations between retrospectively reported CAs and mental disorders can be upwardly biased owing to recall failure, nevertheless, it is useful to examine associations based on such retrospective data because they provide upper estimates that avoid the problem of downward bias due to systematic sample attrition in estimates based on long-term prospective data. We examine associations of CAs with the first onset of diverse DSM-IV disorders based on several competing multivariate models. A companion study examines associations of CAs with lifetime persistence of the same disorders.

%B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 62 %P 113-123 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological medicine %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) III: Associations with functional impairment related to DSM-IV disorders %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %X Background Despite evidence that childhood adversities (CAs) are associated with increased risk of mental disorders, little is known about their associations with disorder-related impairment. We report the associations between CAs and functional impairment associated with 12-month DSM-IV disorders in a national sample. Methods Data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Respondents completed diagnostic interviews that assessed 12-month DSM-IV disorder prevalence and impairment. Associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with impairment among cases (n = 2,242) were assessed using multiple regression analysis. Impairment measures included a dichotomous measure of classification in the severe range of impairment on the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and a measure of self-reported number of days out of role due to emotional problems in the past 12 months. Results CAs were positively and significantly associated with impairment. Predictive effects of CAs on the SDS were particularly pronounced for anxiety disorders and were significant in predicting increased days out of role associated with mood, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders. Predictive effects persisted throughout the life-course and were not accounted for by disorder comorbidity. CAs associated with maladaptive family functioning (MFF) (parental mental illness, substance disorder, criminality, family violence, abuse, neglect) were more consistently associated with impairment than other CAs. The joint effects of comorbid MFF CAs were significantly sub-additive. Simulations suggest that CAs account for 19.6% of severely impairing disorders and 17.4% of days out of role. Conclusions CAs predict greater disorder-related impairment, highlighting the ongoing clinical significance of CAs at every stage of the life-course. %B Psychological medicine %V 40 %P 847–859 %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847368/ %N 5 %R 10.1017/S0033291709991115 %0 Journal Article %J Psychological Medicine %D 2010 %T Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Conron, K. J. %A Koenen, K. C. %A Gilman, S. E. %X Background. Childhood adversity (CA) is associated with adult mental disorders, but the mechanisms underlying this association remain inadequately understood. Stress sensitization, whereby CA increases vulnerability to mental disorders following adult stressful life events, has been proposed as a potential mechanism. We provide a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a national sample. Method. We investigated whether the association between past-year stressful life events and the 12-month prevalence of major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other anxiety disorders, and perceived stress varies according to exposure to CA. We used data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n=34 653). Results. Past-year stressful life events were associated with an increased risk of major depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and perceived stress. However, the magnitude of the increased risk varied according to respondents’ history of CA. For example, past-year major stressors were associated with a 27.3 % increase in the 12-month risk of depression among individuals with o3 CAs and a 14.8 % increased risk among individuals without CAs. Stress sensitization effects were present for depression, PTSD, and other anxiety disorders in women and men, although gender differences were found in the threshold of past-year stress needed to trigger such effects. Stress sensitization was most evident among individuals with o3 CAs. Conclusions. CA is associated with increased vulnerability to the deleterious mental health effects of adult stressors in both men and women. High levels of CA may represent a general diathesis for multiple types of psychopathology that persists throughout the life course. %B Psychological Medicine %V 40 %P 1647–1658 %G eng %U http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0033291709992121 %N 10 %R 10.1017/S0033291709992121 %0 Journal Article %J Neuropsychology Review %D 2010 %T Early Institutionalization: Neurobiological Consequences and Genetic Modifiers %A Sheridan, Margaret %A Drury, Stacy %A McLaughlin, Kate %A Almas, Alisa %X Children raised in the profound deprivation associated with institutionalization are at elevated risk for negative outcomes across a host of social and cognitive domains. This risk appears to be mitigated by early foster care or adoption into a family setting. Although pervasive developmental problems have been noted in a substantial proportion of previously institutionalized children, marked variation exists in the nature and severity of these deficits. Increasing evidence suggests that institutional deprivation impacts the developing brain, potentially underlying the wide range of outcomes with which it is associated. In the current review we examine the neural consequences of institutionalization and genetic factors associated with differences in outcome in an effort to characterize the consequences of early deprivation at a neurobiological level. Although the effects of institutional deprivation have been studied for more than 50 years much remains unanswered regarding the pathways through which institutionalization impacts child development. Through a more complete and nuanced assessment of the neural correlates of exposure and recovery as well as a better understanding of the individual factors involved we will be better able to delineate the impact of early adversity in the setting of severe social deprivation. %B Neuropsychology Review %V 20 %P 414–429 %8 dec %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100174/ %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11065-010-9152-8 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Public Health %D 2010 %T The Impact of Institutional Discrimination on Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: A Prospective Study %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %A Hasin, Deborah S. %X Objectives. We examined the relation between living in states that instituted bans on same-sex marriage during the 2004 and 2005 elections and the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations., Methods. We used data from wave 1 (2001–2002) and wave 2 (2004–2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34 653), a longitudinal, nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized US adults., Results. Psychiatric disorders defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, increased significantly between waves 1 and 2 among LGB respondents living in states that banned gay marriage for the following outcomes: any mood disorder (36.6% increase), generalized anxiety disorder (248.2% increase), any alcohol use disorder (41.9% increase), and psychiatric comorbidity (36.3% increase). These psychiatric disorders did not increase significantly among LGB respondents living in states without constitutional amendments. Additionally, we found no evidence for increases of the same magnitude among heterosexuals living in states with constitutional amendments., Conclusions. Living in states with discriminatory policies may have pernicious consequences for the mental health of LGB populations. These findings lend scientific support to recent efforts to overturn these policies. %B American Journal of Public Health %V 100 %P 452–459 %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820062/ %N 3 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Epidemiology %D 2010 %T Stigma and Treatment for Alcohol Disorders in the United States %A Keyes, K.M. %A Hatzenbuehler, M. L. %A McLaughlin, K. A. %A Link, B. %A Olfson, M. %A Grant, B. F. %A Hasin, D. %B American Journal of Epidemiology %V 172 %P 1364–1372 %8 dec %G eng %U https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwq304 %N 12 %R 10.1093/aje/kwq304 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adult %K Age of Onset %K anxiety disorders %K Child %K Child abuse %K Comorbidity %K Crime %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mood Disorders %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Preschool %K Prevalence %K Retrospective Studies %K Severity of Illness Index %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %K Young Adult %X CONTEXT: Although significant associations of childhood adversities (CAs) with adult mental disorders have been widely documented, associations of CAs with onset and persistence of disorders have not been distinguished. This distinction is important for conceptual and practical purposes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multivariate associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with persistence of adult DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community survey. SETTING: Household population in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 5692 adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recency of episodes was assessed separately for each of 20 lifetime DSM-IV mood, anxiety, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders in respondents with a lifetime history of these disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Predictors of persistence were examined using backward recurrence survival models to predict time since most recent episode controlling for age at onset and time since onset. RESULTS: The CAs involving maladaptive family functioning (parental mental illness, substance use disorder, criminality, family violence, physical and sexual abuse, and neglect) but not other CAs were significantly but modestly related to persistence of mood, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders. Number of maladaptive family functioning CAs had statistically significant, but again substantively modest, subadditive associations with the same outcomes. Exposure to multiple other CAs was significantly associated with persistence of mood and anxiety disorders. Associations remained statistically significant throughout the life course, although the substantive size of associations indicated by simulations showing time to most recent episode would increase by only 1.6% (from a mean of 8.3 years to a mean of 8.4 years) in the absence of CAs. CONCLUSIONS: The overall statistically significant associations of CAs with adult DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview disorders are due largely to component associations with onsets rather than with persistence, indirectly suggesting that the greatest focus of public health attention on CAs should be aimed at primary rather than secondary prevention. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 67 %P 124–132 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2010 %T Age differences in the prevalence and co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive episodes: results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative %A Ronald C. Kessler %A Birnbaum, Howard G. %A Shahly, Victoria %A Bromet, Evelyn %A Hwang, Irving %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Sampson, Nancy %A Andrade, Laura Helena %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Karam, Aimee N. %A Kostyuchenko, Stanislav %A Kovess, Viviane %A Lara, Carmen %A Levinson, Daphna %A Matschinger, Herbert %A Nakane, Yoshibumi %A Browne, Mark Oakley %A Ormel, Johan %A Posada-Villa, Jose %A Sagar, Rajesh %A Stein, Dan J. %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Aged %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depressive Disorder %K Developing Countries %K Diagnosis %K Differential %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Major %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Somatoform Disorders %K World Health Organization %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although depression appears to decrease in late life, this could be due to misattribution of depressive symptoms to physical disorders that increase in late life. METHODS: We investigated this issue by studying age differences in co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive episodes (MDE) with chronic physical conditions in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of community epidemiological surveys of respondents in 10 developed countries (n=52,485) and 8 developing countries (n=37,265). MDE and other mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Organic exclusion rules were not used to avoid inappropriate exclusion of cases with physical co-morbidity. Physical conditions were assessed with a standard chronic conditions checklist. RESULTS: Twelve-month DSM-IV/CIDI MDE was significantly less prevalent among respondents ages 65+ than younger respondents in developed but not developing countries. Prevalence of co-morbid mental disorders generally either decreased or remained stable with age, while co-morbidity of MDE with mental disorders generally increased with age. Prevalence of physical conditions, in comparison, generally increased with age, while co-morbidity of MDE with physical conditions generally decreased with age. Depression treatment was lowest among the elderly in developed and developing countries. CONCLUSIONS: The weakening associations between MDE and physical conditions with increasing age argue against the suggestion that the low estimated prevalence of MDE among the elderly is due to increased confounding with physical disorders. Future study is needed to investigate processes that might lead to a decreasing impact of physical illness on depression among the elderly. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 27 %P 351–364 %8 apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1002/da.20634 %0 Journal Article %J Archives of General Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Berglund, Patricia A. %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age of Onset %K anxiety disorders %K Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mood Disorders %K Preschool %K Prevalence %K Severity of Illness Index %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Young Adult %X CONTEXT: Although significant associations of childhood adversities (CAs) with adult mental disorders have been documented consistently in epidemiological surveys, these studies generally have examined only 1 CA per study. Because CAs are highly clustered, this approach results in overestimating the importance of individual CAs. Multivariate CA studies have been based on insufficiently complex models. OBJECTIVE: To examine the joint associations of 12 retrospectively reported CAs with the first onset of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication using substantively complex multivariate models. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community survey with retrospective reports of CAs and lifetime DSM-IV disorders. SETTING: Household population in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 9282 adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime prevalences of 20 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: The CAs studied were highly prevalent and intercorrelated. The CAs in a maladaptive family functioning (MFF) cluster (parental mental illness, substance abuse disorder, and criminality; family violence; physical abuse; sexual abuse; and neglect) were the strongest correlates of disorder onset. The best-fitting model included terms for each type of CA, number of MFF CAs, and number of other CAs. Multiple MFF CAs had significant subadditive associations with disorder onset. Little specificity was found for particular CAs with particular disorders. Associations declined in magnitude with life course stage and number of previous lifetime disorders but increased with length of recall. Simulations suggest that CAs are associated with 44.6% of all childhood-onset disorders and with 25.9% to 32.0% of later-onset disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that associations increased with length of recall raises the possibility of recall bias inflating estimates. Even considering this, the results suggest that CAs have powerful and often subadditive associations with the onset of many types of largely primary mental disorders throughout the life course. %B Archives of General Psychiatry %V 67 %P 113–123 %8 feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 %0 Journal Article %J British Journal of Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys %A Ronald C. Kessler %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Green, Jennifer Greif %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Zaslavsky, Alan M. %A Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio %A Alhamzawi, Ali Obaid %A Alonso, Jordi %A Angermeyer, Matthias %A Benjet, Corina %A Bromet, Evelyn %A Chatterji, Somnath %A Girolamo, Giovanni de %A Demyttenaere, Koen %A Fayyad, John %A Florescu, Silvia %A Gal, Gilad %A Gureje, Oye %A Haro, Josep Maria %A Hu, Chi-Yi %A Karam, Elie G. %A Kawakami, Norito %A Lee, Sing %A Lépine, Jean-Pierre %A Ormel, Johan %A Posada-Villa, José %A Sagar, Rajesh %A Tsang, Adley %A Ustün, T. Bedirhan %A Vassilev, Svetlozar %A Viana, Maria Carmen %A Williams, David R. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Age of Onset %K Causality %K Child %K Child abuse %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Crime %K Epidemiologic Methods %K Family Health %K Family Relations %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Mental Disorders %K Preschool %K Socioeconomic Factors %K World Health Organization %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Although significant associations of childhood adversities with adult mental disorders are widely documented, most studies focus on single childhood adversities predicting single disorders. AIMS: To examine joint associations of 12 childhood adversities with first onset of 20 DSM-IV disorders in World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys in 21 countries. METHOD: Nationally or regionally representative surveys of 51 945 adults assessed childhood adversities and lifetime DSM-IV disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). RESULTS: Childhood adversities were highly prevalent and interrelated. Childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning (e.g. parental mental illness, child abuse, neglect) were the strongest predictors of disorders. Co-occurring childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning had significant subadditive predictive associations and little specificity across disorders. Childhood adversities account for 29.8% of all disorders across countries. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities have strong associations with all classes of disorders at all life-course stages in all groups of WMH countries. Long-term associations imply the existence of as-yet undetermined mediators. %B British Journal of Psychiatry %V 197 %P 378–385 %8 nov %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 %N 5 %R 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 %0 Journal Article %J Depression and Anxiety %D 2010 %T Childhood social environment, emotional reactivity to stress, and mood and anxiety disorders across the life course %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Kubzansky, Laura D. %A Dunn, Erin C. %A Waldinger, Robert %A Vaillant, George %A Koenen, Karestan C. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K anxiety disorders %K Arousal %K Child %K Connecticut %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depressive Disorder %K Emotions %K Humans %K Incidence %K Longitudinal Studies %K Major %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K STRESS %K Young Adult %X BACKGROUND: Adverse child environments are associated with the onset of mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these life-course associations remain poorly understood. We investigate whether emotional reactivity to stress is a mechanism in the association between childhood environment characteristics and adult mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS: Data are from the Study of Adult Development, a longitudinal study of men (N = 268) followed for nearly seven decades beginning in late adolescence. Childhood social environment characteristics were assessed during home visits and interviews with respondents' parents at entry into the study. Stress reactivity was assessed during respondents' sophomore year of college via physician exam. Onset of mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood was ascertained by research psychiatrists who completed chart reviews of interview, questionnaire, and physical exam data collected during repeated assessments from age 20 to 70. RESULTS: Respondents with better overall childhood environments and a greater number of environmental strengths were at lower odds of developing a mood or anxiety disorder in adulthood than respondents with more adverse childhood environments. Higher stress reactivity was observed among respondents from families with lower socio-economic status and with childhood environments characterized by greater conflict and adversity. Elevated stress reactivity, in turn, predicted the onset of adult mood and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: Heightened emotional reactivity in early adulthood is associated with both adverse childhood environments and elevated risk for developing mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood. Emotional reactivity may be one mechanism linking childhood adversity to mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood. %B Depression and Anxiety %V 27 %P 1087–1094 %8 dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1002/da.20762 %0 Journal Article %J Biological Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Delayed maturation in brain electrical activity partially explains the association between early environmental deprivation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fox, Nathan A. %A Zeanah, Charles H. %A Sheridan, Margaret A. %A Marshall, P.J. %A Nelson, Charles A. %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Brain %K Brain Waves %K Case-Control Studies %K Child %K Child Development %K Child Welfare %K Environment %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Matched-Pair Analysis %K Mental Disorders %K Orphanages %K Preschool %K Psychology %K Psychosocial Deprivation %K Reference Values %X BACKGROUND: Children raised in institutional settings are exposed to social and environmental circumstances that may deprive them of expected environmental inputs during sensitive periods of brain development that are necessary to foster healthy development. This deprivation is thought to underlie the abnormalities in neurodevelopment that have been found in previously institutionalized children. It is unknown whether deviations in neurodevelopment explain the high rates of developmental problems evident in previously institutionalized children, including psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We present data from a sample of children raised in institutions in Bucharest, Romania (n = 117) and an age- and sex-matched sample of community control subjects (n = 49). Electroencephalogram data were acquired following entry into the study at age 6 to 30 months, and a structured diagnostic interview of psychiatric disorders was completed at age 54 months. RESULTS: Children reared in institutions evidenced greater symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior disorders than community controls. Electroencephalogram revealed significant reductions in alpha relative power and increases in theta relative power among children reared in institutions in frontal, temporal, and occipital regions, suggesting a delay in cortical maturation. This pattern of brain activity predicted symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity at age 54 months, and significantly mediated the association between institutionalization and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Electroencephalogram power was unrelated to depression, anxiety, or disruptive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document a potential neurodevelopmental mechanism underlying the association between institutionalization and psychiatric morbidity. Deprivation in social and environmental conditions may perturb early patterns of neurodevelopment and manifest as psychiatric problems later in life. %B Biological Psychiatry %V 68 %P 329–336 %8 aug %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.005 %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.005 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2010 %T Examination of the response styles theory in a community sample of young adolescents %A Hilt, Lori M. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Affect %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Problem Solving %K Psychological %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Sampling Studies %K Sex Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X This study examined the Response Styles Theory in a large, racially and ethnically diverse sample (N = 722) of 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. We examined the role of response styles (rumination, distraction, and problem-solving) as predictors of changes in depressive symptoms over a seven-month period. Higher levels of rumination and lower levels of problem-solving and distraction were associated with increases in depressive symptoms over time. Response style ratio scores (rumination scores divided by the sum of distraction and problem-solving scores) also predicted increases in depressive symptoms over time. Girls reported greater depressive symptoms compared to boys, and both rumination and response style ratio score statistically accounted for the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Clinical implications include the importance of problem-solving training and rumination reduction techniques in preventive interventions. %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 38 %P 545–556 %8 may %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10802-009-9384-3 %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Public Health %D 2010 %T Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among Black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Keyes, Katherine M. %K Adaptation %K Adult %K African Americans %K Attitude to Health %K Communication %K Disclosure %K Epidemiologic studies %K Female %K Health Care Surveys %K Health Status Disparities %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Interview %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Morbidity %K Prejudice %K Prevalence %K Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Sexuality %X OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender; responses to discrimination experiences; and psychiatric disorders. METHODS: The sample included respondents in the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 34 653). We analyzed the associations between self-reported past-year discrimination and past-year psychiatric disorders as assessed with structured diagnostic interviews among Black (n = 6587); Hispanic (n = 6359); lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB; n = 577); and female (n = 20 089) respondents. RESULTS: Black respondents reported the highest levels of past-year discrimination, followed by LGB, Hispanic, and female respondents. Across groups, discrimination was associated with 12-month mood (odds ratio [ORs] = 2.1-3.1), anxiety (ORs = 1.8-3.3), and substance use (ORs = 1.6-3.5) disorders. Respondents who reported not accepting discrimination and not discussing it with others had higher odds of psychiatric disorders (ORs = 2.9-3.9) than did those who did not accept discrimination but did discuss it with others. Black respondents and women who accepted discrimination and did not talk about it with others had elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among individuals reporting past-year discrimination experiences. Certain responses to discrimination, particularly not disclosing it, are associated with psychiatric morbidity. %B American Journal of Public Health %V 100 %P 1477–1484 %8 aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Trends in serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fairbank, John A. %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Jones, Russell T. %A Osofsky, Joy D. %A Pfefferbaum, Betty %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Affective Symptoms %K Child %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Cyclonic Storms %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Disasters %K Female %K Floods %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Interview %K Male %K Mass Screening %K New Orleans %K Post-Traumatic %K Preschool %K Psychological %K Stress Disorders %X OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns and predictors of trends in DSM-IV serious emotional disturbance (SED) among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina. METHOD: A probability sample of adult pre-hurricane residents of the areas affected by Katrina completed baseline and follow-up telephone surveys 18 to 27 months post-hurricane and 12 to 18 months later. Baseline adult respondents residing with children and adolescents (4-17 years of age) provided informant reports about the emotional functioning of these youths (n = 576) with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The surveys also assessed hurricane-related stressors and ongoing stressors experienced by respondent families. RESULTS: SED prevalence decreased significantly across survey waves from 15.1% to 11.5%, although even the latter prevalence was considerably higher than the pre-hurricane prevalence of 4.2% estimated in the US National Health Interview Survey. Trends in hurricane-related SED were predicted by both stressors experienced in the hurricane and ongoing stressors, with SED prevalence decreasing significantly only among youths with moderate stress exposure (16.8% versus 6.5%). SED prevalence did not change significantly between waves among youths with either high stress exposure (30.0% versus 41.9%) or low stress exposure (3.5% versus 3.4%). Pre-hurricane functioning did not predict SED persistence among youths with high stress exposure, but did predict SED persistence among youth with low-moderate stress exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SED among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina remains significantly elevated several years after the storm despite meaningful decrease since baseline. Youths with high stress exposure have the highest risk of long-term hurricane-related SED and consequently represent an important target for mental health intervention. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 49 %P 990–1000 %8 oct %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.012 %N 10 %R 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.012 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology %D 2009 %T Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A Hilt, Lori M. %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Child %K Crime Victims %K Depression %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Personality Inventory %K Psychological %K Psychometrics %K Rejection (Psychology) %K Risk Factors %X Peer victimization experiences represent developmentally salient stressors among adolescents and are associated with the development of internalizing symptoms. However, the mechanisms linking peer victimization to adolescent psychopathology remain inadequately understood. This study examined emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer stress to changes in internalizing symptoms among adolescents in a longitudinal design. Peer victimization was assessed with the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire (M. J. Prinstein, J. Boergers, & E. M. Vernberg, 2001) in a large (N = 1,065), racially diverse (86.6% non-White) sample of adolescents 11-14 years of age. Emotion dysregulation and symptoms of depression and anxiety were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to create a latent construct of emotion dysregulation from measures of discrete emotion processes and of peer victimization and internalizing symptoms. Peer victimization was associated with increased emotion dysregulation over a 4-month period. Increases in emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between relational and reputational, but not overt, victimization and changes in internalizing symptoms over a 7-month period. Evidence for a reciprocal relationship between internalizing symptoms and relational victimization was found, but emotion dysregulation did not mediate this relationship. The implications for preventive interventions are discussed. %B Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology %V 77 %P 894–904 %8 oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0015760 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Anxiety Disorders %D 2009 %T Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and their co-occurrence %A Mennin, Douglas S. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Flanagan, Thomas J. %K Adaptation %K Adolescent %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Personality Inventory %K Phobic Disorders %K Psychological %K Psychometrics %K Young Adult %X Preliminary evidence supports the role of emotion-related deficits in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), including heightened emotional intensity, poor understanding of emotion, negative cognitive reactivity to emotions, and maladaptive emotion management. However, questions remain concerning the specificity of these emotion-related deficits compared to highly comorbid conditions such as social anxiety disorder (SAD). In the current study, 113 undergraduate students were administered measures of GAD, SAD, and emotion-related factors in order to clarify relationships among these variables. In univariate analyses, presence of SAD did not significantly impact the association between GAD and the emotion-related measures. Further, a discriminant function analysis revealed that emotional intensity and impaired regulation strategies provided the greatest discrimination between groups and best predicted a diagnosis of GAD (regardless of SAD comorbidity). Although their discriminatory ability was weaker, poor emotional understanding best predicted a diagnosis of SAD (regardless of GAD comorbidity), and non-acceptance of emotions best predicted comorbid GAD and SAD. %B Journal of Anxiety Disorders %V 23 %P 866–871 %8 oct %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006 %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Adolescent Health %D 2009 %T Mechanisms linking stressful life events and mental health problems in a prospective, community-based sample of adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Child %K Depression %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Psychology %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X PURPOSE: Stressful life events represent potent risk factors for the development of internalizing symptoms among adolescents. However the mechanisms linking stress to adolescent psychopathology remain inadequately understood. This study examined the role of emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress to changes in internalizing symptoms among adolescents. METHODS: This study used a short-term longitudinal design. Stressful life events were assessed in a large diverse sample of adolescents (N = 1065), and emotion dysregulation and symptomatology outcomes were assessed at two subsequent time points. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the role of emotion dysregulation as a mediator of the association between stress and subsequent changes in internalizing symptoms. RESULTS: Emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between stressful life events and changes in internalizing symptoms over time. Sobel's test indicated a significant indirect effect of stressful life events on subsequent symptoms of depression (z = 5.05, p \textless .001) and anxiety (z = 4.95, p \textless .001) through emotion dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Stressful life events appear to disrupt the adaptive processing of emotion among adolescents. Emotion dysregulation represents an intrapersonal mechanism linking stress to poor mental health outcomes. The implications for preventive interventions are discussed. %B Journal of Adolescent Health %V 44 %P 153–160 %8 feb %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.019 %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.019 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %D 2009 %T Serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina 2 years post-disaster %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Fairbank, John A. %A Gruber, Michael J. %A Jones, Russell T. %A Lakoma, Matthew D. %A Pfefferbaum, Betty %A Sampson, Nancy A. %A Ronald C. Kessler %K Adolescent %K Affective Symptoms %K Alabama %K Child %K child behavior disorders %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Conduct Disorder %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Cyclonic Storms %K Disasters %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Louisiana %K Male %K Mass Screening %K Mississippi %K New Orleans %K Personality Assessment %K Post-Traumatic %K Poverty %K Preschool %K Stress Disorders %X OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of serious emotional disturbance (SED) among children and adolescents exposed to Hurricane Katrina along with the associations of SED with hurricane-related stressors, sociodemographics, and family factors 18 to 27 months after the hurricane. METHOD: A probability sample of prehurricane residents of areas affected by Hurricane Katrina was administered a telephone survey. Respondents provided information on up to two of their children (n = 797) aged 4 to 17 years. The survey assessed hurricane-related stressors and lifetime history of psychopathology in respondents, screened for 12-month SED in respondents' children using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and determined whether children's emotional and behavioral problems were attributable to Hurricane Katrina. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of SED was 14.9%, and 9.3% of the youths were estimated to have SED that is directly attributable to Hurricane Katrina. Stress exposure was associated strongly with SED, and 20.3% of the youths with high stress exposure had hurricane-attributable SED. Death of a loved one had the strongest association with SED among prehurricane residents of New Orleans, whereas exposure to physical adversity had the strongest association in the remainder of the sample. Among children with stress exposure, parental psychopathology and poverty were associated with SED. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SED among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina remains high 18 to 27 months after the storm, suggesting a substantial need for mental health treatment resources in the hurricane-affected areas. The youths who were exposed to hurricane-related stressors, have a family history of psychopathology, and have lower family incomes are at greatest risk for long-term psychiatric impairment. %B Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry %V 48 %P 1069–1078 %8 nov %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.012 %N 11 %R 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76697 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Psychology %D 2009 %T Stress, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K anxiety disorders %K Arousal %K Attitude to Health %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Personality Inventory %K Psychometrics %K Risk Factors %X Anxiety sensitivity represents a robust risk factor for the development of anxiety symptoms among both adolescents and adults. However, the development of anxiety sensitivity among adolescents remains inadequately understood. In this study, the authors examined the role of stressful life events as a risk factor for the development of elevated anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety sensitivity was then examined in a longitudinal design as a mechanism linking stressful life events to changes in anxiety symptoms. Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms were assessed in a diverse community sample of adolescents (N = 1,065) at 3 time points spanning 7 months. The results indicated that stressful life events were longitudinally associated with increases in anxiety sensitivity and that certain types of stressful life events, specifically events related to health and events related to family discord, were differentially predictive of increases in anxiety sensitivity. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity mediated the longitudinal relation between stressful life events and anxiety symptoms. Evidence was also found for the predictive specificity of anxiety sensitivity to symptoms of anxiety but not depression. %B Journal of Abnormal Psychology %V 118 %P 659–669 %8 aug %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016499 %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0016499 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Depression in Adolescents %D 2008 %T Universal prevention of adolescent depression %A Mclaughlin, Katie %E Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %E Lori Hilt %B Handbook of Depression in Adolescents %I Routledge %P 661-683 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %D 2008 %T Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents %A Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Affective Symptoms %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K Connecticut %K Continental Population Groups %K Depressive Disorder %K Emotions %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Heterosexuality %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Risk Factors %X BACKGROUND: Sexual minority adolescents appear to be at increased risk for internalizing disorders relative to their heterosexual peers, but there is a paucity of research explaining this elevated risk. Emotion regulation deficits are increasingly understood as important predictors of internalizing psychopathology among general samples of adolescents. The present study sought to examine whether deficits in emotion regulation could account for disparities in internalizing symptoms between sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. METHODS: The present study utilized longitudinal data from a racially/ethnically diverse (68% non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino) community sample of 1,071 middle school students (ages 11-14). RESULTS: Adolescents who endorsed same-sex attraction evidenced higher rates of internalizing symptoms at both time points. Structural equation modeling indicated that sexual minority adolescents exhibited greater deficits in emotion regulation (rumination and poor emotional awareness) than their heterosexual peers. Emotion regulation deficits in turn mediated the relationship between sexual minority status and symptoms of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the importance of considering normative psychological processes in the development of internalizing symptomatology among sexual minority adolescents, and suggest emotion regulation deficits as specific targets of prevention and intervention efforts with this population. Future studies are needed to determine whether stigma-related stressors are responsible for emotion regulation deficits among sexual minority youth. %B Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry %V 49 %P 1270–1278 %8 dec %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x %N 12 %R 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Clinical Psychology %D 2008 %T Family history of psychiatric problems in generalized anxiety disorder %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Behar, Evelyn %A Borkovec, T. D. %K Adult %K anxiety disorders %K Chi-Square Distribution %K Cognitive Therapy %K Control Groups %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Mood Disorders %K Prevalence %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X The current investigation examined self-reported family history of psychological problems in a large sample of individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and nonanxious controls. The GAD participants were all individuals receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy as part of two large randomized clinical trials. Family history information was obtained from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R; DiNardo & Barlow, 1988). The results indicate that, compared to control participants, individuals with GAD were more likely to have family members with anxiety problems, but not other psychological problems. Possible mechanisms for the familial transmission of GAD are discussed. %B Journal of Clinical Psychology %V 64 %P 905–918 %8 jul %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20497 %N 7 %R 10.1002/jclp.20497 %0 Journal Article %J Behaviour Research and Therapy %D 2007 %T The contributory role of worry to emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Mennin, Douglas S. %A Farach, Frank J. %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anxiety %K anxiety disorders %K Depression %K Emotions %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Psychometrics %X The role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been posited to serve as an avoidance of emotional experience, and emotion regulation deficits in GAD have been found in several previous studies. It remains unclear whether those with GAD experience more dysregulated emotions during periods of euthymia and positive affect or whether these deficits occur only during periods of worry. Individuals with GAD (with and without co-occurring dysphoria) and non-anxious controls were randomly assigned to receive a worry, neutral, or relaxation induction. Following the induction, all participants viewed a film clip documented to elicit sadness. Intensity of emotions and emotion regulation were examined following the induction period and film clip. The results revealed that, regardless of co-occurring dysphoria, individuals with GAD in the worry condition experienced more intense depressed affect than GAD participants in the other conditions and controls participants. In contrast, presence of worry appeared to have less impact on indices of emotion dysregulation, which were greater in participants with GAD compared to controls, but largely insensitive to contextual effects of worry or of relaxation. Following film viewing, both GAD participants with and without dysphoria displayed poorer understanding, acceptance, and management of emotions than did controls. However, acceptance and management deficits were most pronounced in individuals with both GAD and co-occurring dysphoria. Implications for the role of emotions in conceptualization and treatment of GAD are discussed. %B Behaviour Research and Therapy %V 45 %P 1735–1752 %8 aug %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.004 %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.004 %0 Journal Article %J Behavior Therapy %D 2007 %T The effect of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Borkovec, Thomas D. %A Sibrava, Nicholas J. %K Adult %K Affect %K Anxiety %K Attitude %K Cognition %K Comorbidity %K Depression %K Expressed Emotion %K Female %K Humans %K Imagination %K Male %K Severity of Illness Index %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %K Time Perception %X The effects of worry and rumination on affective states and mentation type were examined in an unselected undergraduate sample in Study 1 and in a sample of individuals with high trait worry and rumination, high rumination, and low worry/rumination in Study 2. Participants engaged in worry and rumination inductions, counterbalanced in order across participants to assess main and interactive effects of these types of negative thinking. During mentation periods, the thought vs. imaginal nature and the temporal orientation of mentations were assessed 5 times. Following mentation periods, negative and positive affect, relaxation, anxiety, and depression were assessed. Both worry and rumination produced increases in negative affect and decreases in positive affect. Worry tended to generate greater anxiety, and rumination tended to generate greater depression. Interactive effects were also found indicating that worry may lessen the anxiety experienced during subsequent rumination. Moreover, worry lessened the depressing effects of rumination. Worry was associated with significantly greater thought than imagery, compared to rumination. Rumination involved a progression from mentation about the past to mentation about the future over time. Implications for understanding the generation of negative affect and comorbid anxiety and depression are discussed. %B Behavior Therapy %V 38 %P 23–38 %8 mar %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %D 2007 %T Racial/ethnic differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Hilt, Lori M. %A Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan %K Adolescent %K Affective Symptoms %K African Americans %K Aggression %K Analysis of Variance %K anxiety disorders %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Connecticut %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Depressive Disorder %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Feeding and Eating Disorders %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Prevalence %K Social Behavior Disorders %X The prevalence of most adult psychiatric disorders varies across racial/ethnic groups and has important implications for prevention and intervention efforts. Research on racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and disorders in adolescents has been less consistent or generally lacking. The current study examined the prevalence of these symptom groups in a large sample of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders in which the three major racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. (White, Black, and Hispanic/Latino) were well-represented. Hispanic females reported experiencing higher levels of depression, anxiety, and reputational aggression than other groups. Black males reported the highest levels of overtly aggressive behavior and also reported higher levels of physiologic anxiety and disordered eating than males from other racial/ethnic groups. Hispanic females also exhibited higher levels of comorbidity than other racial/ethnic groups. %B Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology %V 35 %P 801–816 %8 oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10802-007-9128-1 %0 Journal Article %J Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %D 2005 %T Clarifying the Relationship between Dependent Personality Disorder and Anxiety Disorders %A McLaughlin, Katie A. %A Mennin, Douglas S. %K anxiety disorders %K Comorbidity %K dependency. %K dependent personality disorders %X The relationship between dependent personality disorder (DPD) and several of the anxiety disorders is explored. Recent meta-analytic findings (this issue) suggest that DPD is comorbid with social phobia, obsessivecompulsive disorder, and panic disorder but not with the other anxiety disorders. Examination of comorbidity rates clarifies the relationship between DPD and specific anxiety disorders, but this method does not address many of the important questions concerning this relationship. It remains unclear whether DPD is associated with an increased risk for developing an anxiety disorder or whether anxiety disorders increase the risk of developing DPD. Additionally, if DPD does serve as a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders, it is unclear whether this risk is clinically meaningful. Finally, causal mechanisms leading from DPD to anxiety disorder have not been examined and warrant future investigation. Examination of comorbidity rates between DPD and the anxiety disorders does not address many clinically relevant issues surrounding the DPD-anxiety relationship, but it does highlight important directions for future research. %B Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice %V 12 %P 417–420 %8 dec %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/clipsy.bpi052 %N 4 %R 10.1093/clipsy.bpi052